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INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
TurkeysidedwithGermanyinWorldWar1.Asitbeganto
losethewar,concernswereexpressedinIndiaaboutthe
futureofTurkey.Itwasapeakperiodfrom1919to1922
castingdemonstrations,boycott,andotherpressurebythe
twomajorcommunities,theHindusandtheMuslims.
Beingbrothers,theIndianMuslimsrealizedtheirreligious
dutytohelptheMuslimcountry.Itwastheextraterritorial
attachmentsbasedonIslam.Anotherfactorsametothe
firstwasthattheIndianMuslimsconsideredOttoman
CaliphateasymbolofunityoftheMuslimworldas
Ummah.
OTTOMAN SULTAN
KHILAFATMOVEMENT
KhilafatMovement(1919-1924)
wasasignificantIslamic
movementorganizedbytheAli
brothers-MohammedAliand
ShaukatAliinIndiaduringthe
Britishrule.
ThiswasanattemptbytheIndian
Muslimcommunitytounite
togetherinsupportoftheTurkish
EmpireruledbytheKhalifa
(OttomanSultan),whichwas
attackedbyEuropeanpowers.
GOALS
1.OttomanKhilafatshouldbekeptintact.
2.TopreservedtheTerritorialsolidarity.
3.Controlofholytheplacesshouldnotbegivento
non-Muslims.
DIMENSIONS
ThewritingsoftheMuslimintellectuals
provokedthesentimentsforthepreservationof
KhilafatandretentionoftheMuslimscontrolof
theholyplaces.
TheMuslimsjournalismplayedavitalroleto
steerthedirectionofthestruggle.
ZamindarofZafarAliKhan,Comradeand
HamdardofMaulanaMuhammadAliJauhar,
andAl-HilalofMaulanaAbulKalamAzadetc.
weretheprominentnewspapersandmagazines
whichperformedtheirdutiestoexpresstheir
resentment.
TheAlliesimposedhumiliatingtermson
defeatedTurkey.
ACTIVITIESOFKHILAFATMOVEMENT
Delegations:
DelegationsweresenttoU.KandotherEuropean
countriesthefeelingsoftheMuslimstogetthe
governments.
MedicalAid:
Doctors,nursesaridmedicinesweredispatchedto
TurkeyforthetreatmentofwoundedTurkishsoldiers.
ACTIVITIESOFKHILAFATMOVEMENT
TreatyOfSevres:
In1920,treatyofSevreswassignedbetween
Alliedforces.Itwasdecidedbythetreatythatthe
AlliesandSyria,IraqandJordanwouldbe
separatedfromTurkishempire.
Processions:
Muslimvolunteerspresentedthemselvestopolice
forarrests.Allleadersweresentbehindthebars
butthemovementcouldnotbediminished.
PROTESTSININDIA:
AllIndiaKhilafatCommitteewasformedatBombayinJuly1919.
ThefirstKhilafatConferenceatDelhiinNovember1919was
arrangedinwhichtheCongressleaderslikeGandhiandNehru
participated.Inthisway,themajorpoliticalpartiesjoinedhandsto
assaulttheinjusticewiththeMuslimcommunity.
Noparticipationinvictorycelebrations.
BoycottofBritishgoods.
NonCooperationwiththeGovernment.
ThesecondKhilafatConference(Amritsar)washeldinDec.1919.
MaulanaMuhammadAliandShaukatAlijoinedthesessionafter
beingreleasedfromprison.InJan.
ROLEOFGANDHI
NON-COOPERATION:
TheNagpurSessionoftheCongress(Dec.1920)approvednon
cooperationwithGovernmentbutMohammadAliJinnahopposed
andlefttheCongresson13thApril1923,becausehewasagainst
theuseofextra-constitutionalmeansofprotests.
Thecountrywaspassingthroughacriticalperiodandboththe
CongressandtheMuslimLeaguefullyfeltthenecessityofmutual
co-operationtotheKhilafatMovement.
TheleadersofthetwomovementsmetatAmritsarandresolvedto
launchacountry-wideagitationundertheleadershipofMr.Gandhi.
Sothetwomovements,oneledbyMaulanaMuhammadAliandthe
otherbyMr.Gandhimergedintooneanditwasdirectedagainstthe
BritishGovernment.
RejectionofallGovernmenttitles.
Boycottofcourtsandeducationalinstitutions.
Resignfromjobs.
Laterresignfrompoliceandmilitaryjobs.
Refusaltopaytaxes.
Boycottofforeigngoods.
HIJRATMOVEMENT1920-21
TheIndianulama(religiousleaders)declaredIndiaDarulHarab.
DarulHarabmeanstheplace(country)whereMuslimsarenot
allowedtoperformtheirreligiouspractices.
Inthesaidsituation,theMuslimsshouldmigratetothenearestsafe
place.
TheulamaissuedconsequencestogotoDarulIslam,Afghanistan.
TherewasanimpressionthatKingofAfghanistanwouldwelcome
them.Sothemigrationtookplaceatlargescale.
InitiallyAfghanswelcomedthem.
Later,theyclosedtheborderandpushedthemigrantsbacktothe
Indianterritories.
Itresultedinlossoflivesandmoney.Manydiedduringthismission.
SomewenttoSovietUnionfromAfghanistanbecausetheyhad
nothinginIndianow.
ENDOFTHEMOVEMENT
MoplahRevoltMalabarCoast,nearKalicut
MoplahswerethedescendentsoftheArabMuslimssettledintheSubContinentevenbeforethearrivalofMuhammadBinQasim.
InAugust1921,theyrevoltedagainstHindulandlordswhosetreatmentwas
verycruelwiththem.
LaterthisclashchangedasMoplahsversusthePoliceandHindu.This
embitteredtheHindu-Muslimrelations.
TherewasanincreaseinviolencedaybydayandtheChorachoriIncident
(UP)inFebruary1922worsenedthesituation.
TheCongressvolunteerssetapolicestationonfireand21policemenwere
killed.Gandhisuddenlycalledoffthemovement.
DEVELOPMENTSINTURKEY
In1922Attaturkappearedasanationalleaderand
controlledthepowersofSultan.Nexthewas
appointedastheChiefofthestatebyGrand
NationalAssembly.
InMarch1924,Khilafatwaseradicated.This
causedawidespreadangeramongtheIndian
Muslims.
TheysentdelegationstoTurkeybutfailedto
achievetheirobjectives.
TheKhilafatMovementwasagreatMuslimstrugglewhich
provideddynamicleadershiptotheMuslimsandestablished
foundationstolaunchfurtherMuslimFreedommovementon
stableandfixedbasis.
ItconfirmedtotheMuslimsthattheHindumindcannever
besinceretotheMuslims.
TheKhilafatMovementeffectivelydemonstratedthe
religiousenthusiasmoftheMuslimstotheBritish.The
BritishnowseriouslyfeltofgivingindependencetoIndia.
TheKhilafatMovementalsocultivatedanew
outlookamongsttheMuslimsnottorelyon
otherssupportandtowhollydependonselfdeterminationfortheachievementofnational
cause.
TheKhilafatMovementdevelopedasenseof
concernamongsttheMuslimsabouttheir
nationalmattersandinculcatedamongthemthe
awarenessabouttheirfuture.
TheKhilafatMovementgreatlystrengthenedthe
Two-NationTheorywhichbecamethebasisof
establishmentofPakistan.
GandhisactionofcallingofftheNon-Cooperationmovement
atamomentwhentheGovernmentwasabouttomakemajor
concessions,wasasevereset-backtothemovement.
TheGovernmentarrestedallimportantleadersofthe
movementwhichlefttheMuslimsleaderlesswhowandered
aimlesslyfromonesidetotheother.
TheGovernmentafterarrestingleaders,adoptedcruel
measuresonthemassestoquelltheiragitation.
TheGrandNationalAssemblyofTurkeyelectedMustafaKamalastheir
leaderwhostoppedtheinstitutionofCaliphateandthelastCaliphSultan
AbdulMajeedwasbanishedfromTurkey.
TheHindu-Muslimunity,achievedatLucknow,disappearedinthebeginning
ofthemovementandcouldnotberecaptured.
TheextremistHindumovements,ShuddiandSanghtan,beganconverting
theMuslimstoHinduismwhichprovidedanewcauseofbitternessbetween
HindusandMuslims.
Thecollectiveclashesanddisturbanceseruptedinthecountrywhich
adverselyaffectedthepoliticalconditionsofIndia.
REASON OF FAILURE
SurfacelevelunityofHinduMuslims
SeparatemotiveformovementofHinduandMuslims
SeparateIdeologyofTurksandMuslimsofSubcontinent
WarofTurksfoughtbyMuslimsofIndia
MigrationMovement
MoplasTragedy
AlthoughholdingtalkswiththeBritishandcontinuingtheiractivities,the
struggleofKhilafatweakenedasMuslimsweredividedbetween:Working
fortheCongressandMuslimLeague
ThefinalblowcamewiththevictoryofMustafaKemal'sforces,who
overthrewtheOttomanruletoestablishapro-Western,secularrepublicin
independentTurkey.HeabolishedtheChalipathroleandsoughtnohelp
fromIndians
CONCLUSIONS:
TheKhilafatMovementwasofconsiderableimportanceinthehistoryof
MuslimIndia.
Itservedtheimportantpurposeofthemass-awakeningiftheMuslims.
Italsoservedtodemonstratethereligiousandpoliticalorganizationamong
theMuslimsofthesub-continent.
ItsfailureledthemtobelievethattheMuslims,iftheywantedtosurvivein
thesub-continent,mustdependonupontheirownstrengthandworkouttheir
politicaldestiny.
Themovementlatergavemotivationtothestrugglefortheindependence
andforaseparatehomelandfortheMuslims.