Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Maitreyi Yellapragada
12AR60R21
Contents
Introduction
Need for Study
Aims and Objectives
Methodology
Literature Review
Inclusive Planning
Status of women around the world and India
The Changing Trend
Pressing Issues concerning women
Importance of safety and mobility for an urban woman
Gender Inclusion Approach Process
Case Studies
Women-friendly cities Project; Seoul Metropolitan Area
Urban Design Guideline proposed by UrbSpace and European
Regional Development Fund
Jagori Safe Delhi Campaign
Transit-Oriented Safety
Inferences on Shared Responsibilities
Conclusions
Percentage of ever married women who agree with specific reasons for justifying a husband
beating his wife by states, India
Wife shows disrespect for
in-laws
husba
nd
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal
Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujara
t
Harya
na
Himachal
Pradesh
money
children
Jammu
Karnata
ka
Kerala
Madhya
Pradesh
Maharasht
ra
Manipur
Meghalay
a
properly
Mizoram
Nagaland
New Delhi
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Introduction
Living environments reflect our culture, values, lifestyle and relationships and define the
relation between us and various urban functions.
They belong to the women and men who live in them and play an increasingly important part
in organizing and providing services to them especially in the context of urbanization.
After their long association with only domestic activities, women have gradually moved into
the public arena.
W O
Little political
involvement or
participation in
decision-making.
Little
say
in
the
planning of municipal
services, installations
and design
The lack of access to services and
resources also creates an obstacle to
equal sharing in household and family
tasks.
Poorly
served
as
citizens
Inadequate day-care
services, rigid
operating hours of
municipal services,
poorly adapted public
transportation, unsafe
public places,
The urban setting must adapt to this cultural and social change, and cities must
now deal with the changing status of women.
It is stated by many planners and sociologists that women experience city life differently
from men.
Unlike other built environment occupations, the planning profession has traditionally been
gender
blind.
The general idea that, Whatever is good for men is automatically good for women is
inappropriate as gender neutrality is misleading.
It overlooks specific needs of men and women and prevents from detecting and rectifying
existing inequalities.
Gender inequality
holds back the growth
of individuals,
the development of nations and the
Gender-sensitive
urban planning
is needed.
evolution of societies.
Gender issues are not womens issues but understanding opportunities,
constraints and the impact of change as they affect both men and women.
Source: Addressing Gender Concern in Indias Urban Renewal Mission, a paper published by UNDP.
http://www.swayam.info
METHODOLOGY
To interpret and conceive the concept of inclusive planning with
respect to gender.
To understand the transformation of womens role and their
changing contributions to the society
To Highlight the pressing women issues and the gender based
needs and requirements in context to the changing trends
To study gender inclusivity policies at various locations and the
process followed by which various institutions as they address
the issues of safety and mobility.
To draw conclusions with respect to the responsibilities to be
carried out by various stakeholders and beneficiaries
Inclusive Planning
Conceptualization
Between 1973 and 1980, the average sale price of a single-family house in Los Angeles rose from $40,700
to $115,000, or by 183%.
Provision of affordable
unaffordable
homes for poor
High housing
prices
Adoption of
Rent controls
Inclusionary
Zoning
Political
Pressure
Inclusionary zoning (IZ) is a set of controls and incentives designed to encourage the
production of affordable housing.
Social integration also requires policies to be inclusive and promotes attending to the needs
of all. Social, political and economic inclusion is increasingly being recognized as the key
strategies against social exclusion.
A gender- and socially-inclusive city promotes equitable rights and
provides opportunities and support for all residents to participate in
urban life.
Sources:
THE IRONY OF "INCLUSIONARY ZONING ROBERT C. ELLICKSON
World Urban Campaign: An Inclusive City - http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=691
Women
Women across the world Account for
60% of the
working force
Little access to productive resources and negligible control over the family income
The gender bias and discrimination is a part of the global scenario
Non-agricultural wage
employment is only 17%
13.9% in the urban sector and Occupy only 9% of Less than 3% women
29.9% in the rural sector
Parliamentary seats managers and admin.
Source: www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/library/download/pub96-01/chapter2
UN statistics
http://www.undp.org.in/webbook/Enlrg-spc-wmn-india.htm
Human Development Report, 2003
Women in India- How free? How equal? Kalyani Menon Sen, A.K. Shiva Kumar
Sources: www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/library/download/pub96-01/chapter2.pdf
Sreenivas Murthy, H. V. The position of women in Ancient India.
Post Independence
The Constitution of India - Provisions Relating to Women
Grants equality to women
Empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women for
removing the cumulative socio-economic, educational and political disadvantages faced
by them over the ages.
Advancement of Women through Five Year Plans
First Five Year Plan (1951-56)
Welfare oriented concerning womens issues.
The programmes for women were implemented through the National Extension Service
Programmes through Community Development Blocks.
Second Five Year (1956-61)
Efforts were geared to organise Mahila Mandals (womens Plan groups) at grass-roots
levels to ensure better implementation of welfare schemes.
Third, Fourth, Fifth Year Plans (1961-74)
High priority to womens education. Measures to and other Interim improve maternal and
child health services, and supplementary
Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85)
The Plan adopted a multidisciplinary approach with a three-pronged
thrust on health, education and employment of women.
Source: Statistics on Women in India 2007
India, Planning Commission. (2007). Five Year Plans. New Delhi.
Post Independence
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90)
Changing Perspectives
Development programmes with objective of raising economic and social status and bring
them into the mainstream of national development. Promotion of beneficiary-oriented
programmes which extended direct benefits to women.
Eighth Five Year (1992-97)
Enabled to function as equal partners and participants in the developmental process with
reservation in the membership of local bodies.
Marks a definite shift from development to empowerment of women.
Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)
Envisaged: a) Empowerment of women and socially disadvantaged as agents of socioeconomic change and development. b) Promoting and developing peoples participatory
institutions like Panchayati Raj institutions, cooperatives and self-help groups. c)
Strengthening efforts to build self-reliance. d) A womens component plan at the Central
and State levels.
Tenth Five Year (2002-2007)
Ensure requisite access of women to information, resources and services, and advance
gender equality goals.
Eleventh Five Year (2007-2012)
Special measures for gender empowerment and equity. The Ministry of
Women and Child Development would make synergistic use of gender
budget and gender mainstreaming process.
Source: Statistics on Women in India 2007; India, Planning Commission. (2007). Five Year Plans. New Delhi.
Pressing Issues
As the opportunities in cities improve, it is observed that more women are migrating to the
urban areas in search of work and a better quality of life.
It is observed that women tend to choose the cities depending on the idea of how safe is
the city for its women. Therefore, a intangible safety index that determines the movement
of women in search of opportunities.
The urban areas cannot afford to be tagged as unsafe as it negative implications on
development of the economy and the social structure.
Worsening economy forcing women to move to the cities for work and live in dangerous
localities.
Urban security because women in cities are increasingly vulnerable to gender-based
violence
Women and Poverty
Education and Training of Women
The attitudes towards women in the society
Non-flexible working hours and discriminatory working condition
Sexual harassment and a safety-oriented workplace design.
Fear of Transit
Sources: Zonta International, Safe Cities for Women Project in Guatemala City and San Salvador
www.nipccd.nic.in/reports
Making Space for Women in Cities by Councillor Ellen Woodsworth, canada
Sources: www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HDQ804.pdf
World Urban Campaign: An Inclusive City http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=691
Safety of Women
Sources www.jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/01/Building-Safe-Inclusive-Cities-for-Women_APracticalGuide_2011
central
to
success
in
economic
Landuse planning provides the spatial setting for government policy, shaping the way our
towns and cities are designed. However, planning policy tends to ignore the fact that
women and men use public space very differently and have different concerns about how it
meets their needs.
Three levels of gender integration:
Consider things in a gender way, that means:
Make gender differentiated statistics,
a. Gender blindness gender is not considered,
analysing utilization of sites or locations
b. Gender neutrality gender is considered and
equal opportunities are secured,
Assessment for the using of areas and sites
c. Gender planning gender is considered and
Rules of decisions
equity impacts are secured.
Rules of participation
Responsibilities in planning process
Benefit from a urban design with regards to gender
A city safety for women is safe for all other weak categories: elder, children, disables
MAKE THE CITY A PLACE FOR EVERYONE
Case Studies
Economy
Womensystem
Welfare
friendly
Culture
city
project
Environment
Female
citizen
participation
Citizens
City Transportation
Seoul Metro
Protection
90 Sub- Projects
came up in 5
areas.
Women-Friendly Parking Lots
Convenient
Seoul
Safe Seoul
Caring Work-ConduciveProsperous
Seoul
Seoul
Seoul
Women-Friendly Roads
Women-Friendly Parks
GREEN SPACES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Findings of Safety
Audit
Safety audits were conducted across different spots in the city which were then used to identify factors
that cause fear as well as a feeling of safety among women. These findings were then to be used for
advocacy and encourage states to include real life inputs and experiences from women in the urban
planning process.
Identify area
and observe
infrastructure
Connaught Place
Sources:
jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/IS-THIS-OUR-CITY
Observe
Gendered
use of space
Discuss with
the users of
the space
2
Audit Notes &
Discuss with
Local Govt.
Safety Audits
The concept of Women's Safety Audits was developed in Toronto, Canada by the Metro
Action Committee on Public Violence Against Women and Children (METRAC), and
experimented worldwide.
UN-HABITAT adapted and experimented this tool within the Safer Cities Programme.
A Women's Safety Audit is the best
available tool for collecting information on
public perceptions of the urban safety in
relation to the urban design.
Without proper knowledge of these public
perceptions and experiences, social and
physical planners can not theorize why
crime
happens,
politicians
can
not
formulate,
prioritize
and
implement
strategic policies and professionals can not
combat (fear of) crime itself. It helps to
create a more comfortable environment for
women, children, elderly, and people with
disabilities - for everyone. (METRAC, 1998)
The idea that a womans place is in the house has been responsible for
phrases or queries like What is a nice girl like you doing in a place like
this? This reflects greatly the prevailing attitude towards women in a
public space.
The no of employed women has increased and so has their participation
in active public life yet, spatial stereotypes and patterns of behaviour
remain.
Inferences
SHARING RESPONSIBILITIES
WOMEN
Speak out on
issues of violence
and insecurity
Support women in
positions of power to remain
accountable and promote
equality.
MEN
Listen, accompany, and
support women in
their drive for
autonomy and
empowerment
should be given to
outreach isolated
communities
TO CITIES
AND MUNICIPALITIES
Provide
Act for a local safety
policy, planning, and
practices which integrate a
gender approach, and which
support women's safety
initiatives.
greater
opportunitie
s for
women's
involvement
Allocate municipal
funds to gender
equality, community
development and
poverty reduction
programs
SHARING RESPONSIBILITIES
TO POLICE SERVICES
Preventive rather
than a repressive
approach to violence
and insecurity
The provision of
adequate training on
the causes and impacts
of violence and
insecurity on women
Development of strategies to
promote women's safety
and empowerment. Increase
women power in police force
EDUCATION SECTOR
THE MEDIA
Contribute to community
mobilization, and facilitate
access to services aimed
at ensuring women's
safety.
Challenge gender
stereotypes and
inequalities through
information and awareness
campaigns
RESEARCH COMMUNITY
Encourage
research on
women's safety
and the integration
of gender in crime
prevention
Provide research
assistance and support to
community-based project
implementation and
evaluation
Reduce
sensationalise
d reporting
SHARING RESPONSIBILITIES
TO PRIVATE SECTOR
Partner with local organizations
and municipalities, and
financially support initiatives
promoting women's safety.
TO GOVERNMENTS
Develop policies and
programs to ensure
women's financial
autonomy, including
women's right to own
property.
Allocate necessary
resources for the
development of strategies
and initiatives on women's
safety and security
Politically and
financially support
local governments
in their efforts to
promote safety
International, regional,
national and local-to-local
exchanges and cooperation
for sustainable development
Conclusions
Gender Inclusivity in planning cannot be achieved only through the participation and efforts
of women but is possible only through the active involvement of all men, womens groups,
the municipalities and the governments, international networks and UN agencies.
Emphasizing on the major issues of safety and security of women result in creation of
positive public spaces which promote and strengthen the level of interactions between
people.
Gender Inclusiveness promotes greater participation of all groups and segments of the
societies along with improved ease of access to public spaces.
It is the smaller aspects such as lighting, good transport facilities and urban design
techniques that have a significant role in shaping the society as a whole.
The role of NGOs and other organisations involved at the grassroot levels is critical to
understanding the issues that might not be considered at the top level management.
References
Together for Womens safety, Creating Safer Cities for marginalised women and everyone,
Authored by Women in Cities International.
Mapping The Womens Movement in India
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2722/13/13_chapter%204.pdf
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/library/download/pub9601/chapter2.pdf
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un-dpadm/unpan039701.pdf
Urban Design Factors that Influence Womens Choice of Route of Movement:
The Case of Nairobi Central Business District , by Brenda Maiba Bhoyyo
A City Tailored
Equality
2004 EDITION.
Governments in Achieving
Gender
http://www.unchs.org/unchs/english/hagenda/ch-3d.htm
ActionAid, 2011, Women and the City: Examining the Gender Impact of Violence and
Urbanisation, ActionAid Interntional, London.
www. actionaidusa.org/what/womens_rights/women_and_the_city/
ADB, 2001, Country Briefing Paper: Women in Bangladesh, ADB, Manila
www.beta.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2001/women_ban.pdf
References
Beall, J., 1996, Urban Governance: Why Gender Matters, Gender in Development
Monograph Series No 1, UNDP, New York.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpuprojects/drivers_urb_change/urb_society/pdf_gender/UNDP_Beall_
gender_matters.pdf
The Sustainable Urban Reader, Edited by Stephen M Heeler and Timothy Beatley
Gender in Planning and Urban Development by Nqobile Malaza, Alison Todes and Amanda
Williamson of the School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa, with Cliff Hague, Professor Emeritus, School of the Built
Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK, and the Women in Planning (WiP)
Network of the Commonwealth Association of Planners (CAP).
Actinoid: 2011; Women and the City
Thank You