CHEMICAL BONDING

IONIC, COVALENT &

METALLIC
Chemical Bonds—it’s all about
potential energy!
**An atom has relatively high potential energy in
the form of valence electrons.
**Nature minimizes the potential energy by
shifting valence electrons to form chemical bonds.

**By bonding with other atoms, potential energy

is decreased creating stable compounds.

Dot Diagram
Cl Practice Sheet
 The Octet Rule

The Noble Gases, group 8A, do not react with other

elements.
• Described as “stable”, “inert”, and “inactive”.
• The outer most “s” and “p” sublevels are completely
filled with 8 electrons, satisfying the octet rule.

Ne
• **The formation of this octet releases energy,
reducing the potential energy – and making the
element STABLE.

• The stable conditions created by the octet rule

leads to the theory that **elements combine with
each other to achieve noble gas electron
configurations.
III.Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonding— e- are transferred from the outer
shell of one atom to the outer shell of another atom.

2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl

Na Cl
Na
+ Cl Cl
Na Na Cl
Ionic bonds involve ions—cations (+) and anions (-)
**Metals and Nonmetals
The overall NRG change in ionic bonding is always
exothermic (releases NRG)

Na + NRG Na +
+ e-
**removal of an e- is an endothermic process
that requires NRG--ionization NRG**

Cl + e- Cl-1 + NRG

**addition of an e- is an exothermic process that

releases NRG—electron affinity**
Movement of ions into a crystalline structure as
exothermic—releases NRG!!

Na+ + Cl- NaCl

Na+ Cl- Na+

Cl- Na+ Cl-

Na+ Cl- Na+

 YOUR TURN…
Using dot diagrams, show what happens when
aluminum combines with bromine. Remember the
valence electrons!

Group 13

Group 17
Al
Br
1. Write the dot 2. Separate the electrons
diagram for aluminum to prepare for bonding

Al Al

3. Write the dot diagram for

bromine

Br
*How many Br will you need?
 Al + 3 Br AlBr3

The overall reaction will result in ionic bonds between

one aluminum and three bromine.

Al + Br

The product of this reaction can be represented by a

Lewis structure. A Lewis structure shows the bonding
between atoms using dots diagrams to illustrate the
behavior of valence e-.
 The resulting Lewis structure formed by the ionic
bonding between aluminum and bromine looks like
this….

Br Al Br
Br

Br
AND this…
Al Br
Br

AND this…

Br
Br Al Br
Some chemical compounds cannot be represented by
just one Lewis structure. Such compounds are
constantly altering or “resonating”.
Resonance refers to bonding in compounds that cannot
be correctly represented by a single Lewis structure.

Br
Br Al Br

Although each Lewis structure of aluminum bromide

is slightly different, the chemical properties are
identical.
IV.Energy and Ionic Bonding
A. Ionization NRG—the amount of NRG needed to
remove an e- from an atom. Metals have low
ionization NRG’s while nonmetals have high ionization
NRG.

WHY ?
 Metals have low ionization NRGs
Nonmetals have high ionization NRG because
nonmetals are closer to satisfying the octet rule!
s-block p-block

*2nd and 3rd ionization energies are HIGHER than the 1st ionization NRG
 YOUR TURN…

Using dot diagrams, draw the Lewis structures that

result when the following elements form ionic
bonds:
A. Potassium + chlorine

B. Magnesium + fluorine

*Don’t forget to indicate the formation of cations and anions

 YOUR TURN…

Using dot diagrams, draw the Lewis structures that

result when the following elements form ionic
bonds:
A. Potassium + Chlorine

K + Cl K Cl
K+ Cl-
B. Magnesium + Fluorine

Mg + F F Mg F
 Oxidation # = Charge of Ion
Making Ionic Compounds- Cation + Anion
When you make an ionic compound ONLY the number moves.
•NOT the charge.
Okay…So Let’s Cross and Drop!!!!!!
3+ 2-
K+ O2- Al S

K2O Al2S3
NH4+ and PO43-

(NH4)3 PO4
The nature of a bond is determined by differences in
electronegativity.
The GREATER the electronegativity difference, the MORE
ionic the bonding.
An electronegativity difference of 1.67 or more is
considered an ionic bond.

Element Electronegativity
Fluorine 4.10
Chlorine 2.83
Bromine 2.74
Sodium 1.01
Lithium 0.97
Cesium 0.86
“Perhaps one of you gentlemen wouldn’t mind telling me
just what outside the window you find so attractive…?”
V. COVALENT BONDS

*Covalent bonds are formed when atoms SHARE e-

*Instead of forming ions (crystalline structure),

a molecule is formed.

*Formed from 2 or more nonmetals.

A. Diatomic molecules—these bonds are formed
between two atoms of the same element

When the atoms are of

the same element this is
called a nonpolar
covalent bond since the
electrons are equally
shared.

Diatomic Molecules -- Br, I, N, Cl, H, O, F

Remember: “Br I N Cl H O F”
B. Covalent bonds between unlike elements
1. One atom has more attraction of an electron than
the other atom, so the electrons are unequally
shared. This is called a polar covalent bond.
 Important Concepts…

**The difference in electronegativity in a covalent

bond is less than 1.67**

**The difference in electronegativity in an ionic bond

is greater than 1.67**

Diatomic molecules—atoms of the same element form

nonpolar covalent bonds (Br2, I2, N2, Cl2, H2, O2, F2)
Polyatomic ions—a charged group of covalently
bonded atoms. Polyatomic ions combine with ions of
opposite charge to form ionic compounds.
 Crystalline structure

Molecule
VI. Differences Between Ionic and Covalent Bonds
1. Ionic compounds are formed between metals and
nonmetals or polyatomic ions. When dissolved in
water, ionic compounds will form ions in solution:

NaCl + H2O Na+ + Cl -

+ H2O

FeSO4 +H2O Fe+2 + SO4-2 +H2O

2. Properties of IONIC substances:
• React faster than molecular substances
• Stronger bonds than covalent bonds and therefore have
higher melting points
• Many are soluble in water (dissolve in water)
• Conduct electricity
• Low Volatility (ability to turn into a gas)-low or no odor
• Many exist as crystals
• Metals bonded with non-metals
• Electronegativity difference is higher than 1.67.

• Generally form solids.

3. COVALENT bonds form MOLECULAR compounds.
These are molecules made of two nonmetals.
4. Properties of MOLECULES:
• Weaker bonds than ionic compounds therefore
have low melting points.
• Generally form gases or liquids
• Insoluble in water
• Highly Volatility (ability to turn into a gas)-
strong odor
• Nonconductors (good insulators)
• Electronegativity difference is lower than 1.67.
Metallic Bonds
The third type of chemical bond is the
metallic bond.
Properties of metals include:
1. Conductors of electricity and
heat
2. Lustrous or shiny
3. Malleable
4. Ductile
 Sea of Electrons
All metal atoms have the SAME attraction for
valence electrons. This allows the **electrons
to move freely from one atom to the next.
**The electrons are said to be “delocalized”
because they are NOT held in one location –
called “sea of electrons.”
C. All metal atoms have the SAME attraction for
electrons. This allows the electrons to move
freely from one atom to the next.
D. The electrons are said to be “delocalized”
because they are NOT held in one location.
E. If an external field is applied, the electrons will
flow through the metal creating an electric
current or the electrons may interact with light
to give metal its luster or shine.
F. The number of delocalized electrons determines
how strong the metallic properties will be. The
more delocalized electrons, the “more” metallic
the properties.