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Dot Diagram
Cl Practice Sheet
The Octet Rule
Ne
• **The formation of this octet releases energy,
reducing the potential energy – and making the
element STABLE.
2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl
Na Cl
Na
+ Cl Cl
Na Na Cl
Ionic bonds involve ions—cations (+) and anions (-)
**Metals and Nonmetals
The overall NRG change in ionic bonding is always
exothermic (releases NRG)
Na + NRG Na +
+ e-
**removal of an e- is an endothermic process
that requires NRG--ionization NRG**
Cl + e- Cl-1 + NRG
Group 13
Group 17
Al
Br
1. Write the dot 2. Separate the electrons
diagram for aluminum to prepare for bonding
Al Al
Br
*How many Br will you need?
Al + 3 Br AlBr3
Al + Br
Br Al Br
Br
Br
AND this…
Al Br
Br
AND this…
Br
Br Al Br
Some chemical compounds cannot be represented by
just one Lewis structure. Such compounds are
constantly altering or “resonating”.
Resonance refers to bonding in compounds that cannot
be correctly represented by a single Lewis structure.
Br
Br Al Br
WHY ?
Metals have low ionization NRGs
Nonmetals have high ionization NRG because
nonmetals are closer to satisfying the octet rule!
s-block p-block
*2nd and 3rd ionization energies are HIGHER than the 1st ionization NRG
YOUR TURN…
B. Magnesium + fluorine
K + Cl K Cl
K+ Cl-
B. Magnesium + Fluorine
Mg + F F Mg F
Oxidation # = Charge of Ion
Making Ionic Compounds- Cation + Anion
When you make an ionic compound ONLY the number moves.
•NOT the charge.
Okay…So Let’s Cross and Drop!!!!!!
3+ 2-
K+ O2- Al S
K2O Al2S3
NH4+ and PO43-
(NH4)3 PO4
The nature of a bond is determined by differences in
electronegativity.
The GREATER the electronegativity difference, the MORE
ionic the bonding.
An electronegativity difference of 1.67 or more is
considered an ionic bond.
Element Electronegativity
Fluorine 4.10
Chlorine 2.83
Bromine 2.74
Sodium 1.01
Lithium 0.97
Cesium 0.86
“Perhaps one of you gentlemen wouldn’t mind telling me
just what outside the window you find so attractive…?”
V. COVALENT BONDS
Molecule
VI. Differences Between Ionic and Covalent Bonds
1. Ionic compounds are formed between metals and
nonmetals or polyatomic ions. When dissolved in
water, ionic compounds will form ions in solution: