MPW 1113:

BAHASA KEBANGSAAN

INTRODUCTI
ON

INTRODUCTION
1.1 The origins of Malay
Language
1.1.1 Malay Clumps
1.1.2 Malay Language as
lingua franca

INTRODUCTION
Malay Language is the national
language in Malaysia, Indonesia,
and Singapore.
Variations of Malay Language is
also spoken in areas where there
are Malays as in southern
Thailand, the southern Philippines,
Cambodia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and
South Africa.

INTRODUCTION
70,000 people can speak Malay
Language in Sri Lanka, and in
China there is a radio in the Malay
language.
Malay language is also taught at
universities in the United Kingdom,
the United States, China, New
Zealand and several other places.

INTRODUCTION
Malay Language was used in the
Malay Islands (Kepulauan Melayu)
around the 7th century AD.
It was one of the 200-300
languages spoken by people in
the Malay Islands.
Among
the
ancient
Malay
kingdoms that practiced the
Malay Language was Sriwijaya.

CONCEPT OF MALAY
The origins of Malay words have
yet
to
be
confirmed
by
historians.
However, there are some further
historical evidence that try to
link the origin of the Malay
language, namely:

CONCEPT OF MALAY

The earliest evidence of the use

of Malay word in the second
century, around 100-150 AD.

M. Ptolemy had used the term

colon maleu in his work titled
Geographike Sintaxis.

CONCEPT OF MALAY
According to Gerini, the term was
taken from the Sanskrit Language Malayakolam or Malaikurram which
refers to a place on the north coast of
Peninsular Malaysia.
Malay word was also detected in an
ancient Hindu Scriptures, the Puranas.
There is the word Malaya dvipa in
this book. Researchers suspect it
refers to the island of Sumatra.

CONCEPT OF MALAY
The use of the Malay words was
also found in Chinese characters
between 644 and 645 M, during
the Tang Dynasty.
The note stated that a government
of Mo-lo-Yeu presented the land to
the king of China. Government of
Mo-lo-Yeu was believed in the
Jambi province.

CONCEPT OF MALAY
Posted by I-Tsing, a Chinese
traveler has used the word Mo-loYeu
to
symbolize
the
two
governments, which he visited
around 675 M, the Sriwijaya and
Bengalis to learn Buddhism.
The note of I-Tsing states that
Malay Language was used as the
medium of education.

CONCEPT OF MALAY
Some
believe
that
the
government of Mo-lo-Yeu was
based
in
Jambi
province,
Sumatra. The name was taken
from a fast flowing river, namely
Sungai Melayu.

CONCEPT OF MALAY
In the Old Javanese language, the
word "Mlayu" means running or
hiking. It can be matched with the
Indo-Malay (Austronesian) moving
from Greece.

1.1 The origins of Malay

Language
Believed to have originated from
Austronesian groups in Greece.
The first group is known as ProtoMalay moved to Southeast Asia
in the New Stone Age (2500 BC)
The arrival of the second group was
known as the Malay Deutro
moved to Southeast Asia Metal
Age (1500 BC)

1.1 The origins of Malay

Language
Occupy
coastal
areas
wetlands in Southeast Asia.

and

They are more intelligent and

competent
than
Proto-Malay,
especially
in
astronomy,
navigation and farming.
The two groups are known as
Austronesian societies.

Descendant of Malay
Language
Age is a major factor used to
determine the development of
language.
The concept of language is
divided into age grading phylum,
family,
and
the
family
of
languages.

Descendant of Malay
Language
Phylum

Clumps

Family

The
oldest
group
of
language
lasting
5000
years and above
Language groups between
2500-5000 years old.
Language group
than 2500 years.

of

less

Descendant of Malay
Language
Phylum
Clumps
Family 1

Family 2

Clumps
Family 1

Subfamily
1

Subfamily
1

Subfamily
2

Subfamily
2

Family 2

1.1.1 Clumps of Malay

Language
Austronesian
societies
was
spread throughout the Malay
Islands and the Pacific Ocean.
This
made
each
language
evolved
in
their
respective
districts.
However, among the different
languages
there
are
still
elements that are common.

1.1.1 Clumps of Malay

Language
Austronesian languages is a language
family that belongs to a large family
by the name language family, which
is called Austrik language.
There are two other clumps in this
family, namely Austroasia Language
and Chinese-Tibetan Language.

Austronesian language family is

divided into four branches below.

Austronesia

Nusantara

Polinesia
Mikronesia

Melanesia

 Bahasa Melayu belongs to the branch

of the Nusantara.
The branch of Nusantara has a large
quantity, which is about 200-300
languages.
For example:
i.

Filipina:- Tagalog, Iloko, Bikol,..

ii.

Sumatera:- Aceh, Batak, Madura,..

iii.

Jawa:- Sunda, Jawa, Madura,..

iv.

Kalimantan:- Iban, Melanau,..

 Before the existence of the Malay

language used at this time, there
were four levels of language,
namely: a. Bahasa Melayu Purba (Ancient)
b. Bahasa Melayu Kuno
c. Bahasa Melayu Klasik (Classic)
d. Bahasa Melayu Moden (Modern)

Bahasa Melayu
Purba (Ancient)

Bahasa Melayu
Moden (Modern)

Bahasa Melayu
Kuno

Bahasa Melayu
Praklasik dan Klasik
(pre-classic and classic)

Bahasa Melayu
Kini (Current)

MALAY LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
The development of Malay language
divides into three main stages,
namely:

1) Bahasa Melayu Kuno (Ancient)

2) Bahasa Melayu Klasik (Classic)
3) Bahasa Melayu Moden (Modern)

Bahasa Melayu Kuno

Belongs to the family of Nusantara
Language
Its glorious is from the 7th century to
the 13th century in the ancient
kingdom of Srivijaya, as the lingua
franca
and
the
language
of
administration.
Speakers were in the Malay Peninsula,
Riau Islands, and Sumatra.

1.1.2 Malay Language as Lingua

franca
Lingua
franca
intermediate/mediation

means

Malay Language was the lingua franca

in the Malay islands region since ages.
The language is also used as a lingua
franca between people who live in the
Malay Islands by merchants and
travellers.

 It became the lingua franca and as

the language of administration
because:
a) Being simple and easy
accept outside influences.

to

b) Not tied to
stratification.

in

differences

c) Have a simpler system than the

Java language.

 Ancient
Malay
system
is
heavily influenced by Sanskrit.
Using Pallava script.
This is due to many Sanskrit
contribute to enriching the
vocabulary and characteristics
of knowledge / scholarship of
Malay Language.

Why Malay Language is easily influenced

by Sanskrit?

The influence of Hinduism.

Sanskrit is the aristocratic
class, and is said to have a
higher hierarchy.
The nature of the Malay
language that are flexible
according to the situation and
needs.

Vocabulary Loans
From Sanskrit
1. The human body: - shoulders, head, face, look.
2. Commercial goods: - balance sheet, store, gain.
3. Equipment: - silk, nets, prison.
4. Name of animal: - elephants, lions, swans,
horses.
5. Plants:
seeds.

pomegranate,

musk,

sandalwood,

Vocabulary Loans From

Sanskrit
1. Tubuh manusia:- bahu, kepala, muka, rupa.
2. Barang-barang
kedai, laba.

perdagangan:-

neraca,

3. Alat perkakas:- sutera, jala, penjara.

4. Nama binatang:- gajah, singa, angsa, kuda.
5. Tumbuh-tumbuhan:cendana, biji.

delima,

kasturi,

Vocabulary Loans
From Sanskrit
6. Weapons: - sena (army), the
whip
7. Religious: - sin, reward, heaven,
hell, fasting, god
8. Decoration: - king, emperor,
king, your majesty, the eunuch,
the treasurer.

Vocabulary Loans From

Sanskrit
6. Senjata:- sena (tentera), cemeti
7. Keagamaan:dosa,
pahala,
syurga, neraka, puasa, dewa
8. Kebesaran:raja,
baginda,
paduka,
bendahara.

maharaja,
sida-sida,

Afixes from Sanskrit

Language
Prefixes
Maha:- mahasiswa
Tata:- tatabahasa
Pra:- prasejarah
Eka:- ekabahasa
Dwi:- dwibahasa
Tri:- tridimensi
Panca:- pancaindera

Afixes from Sanskrit

Language
Sufixes
- wan :- angkasawan
- man :- seniman
- wati :- peragawati
- nita :- biduanita

 Ancient Malay are also inscribed on the

stones that are believed to be written
at the end of the 7th century. There are
four important Inscriptions , namely:
1. Kedukan Bukit, Palembang (683M).
2. Talang Tuwo, Palembang (684M).
3. Kota Kapur, Pulau Bangka (686M).
4. Karang Brahi, Meringin, daerah Hulu
Jambi (686M).

Characteristics of Ancient Malay Language:

Full of Sanskrit loan words.
The wording of the Malay character.
Sound of e-pepet does not exist. For
example with - dgan or dangan.
Sounds b is w. Example: bulan - Wulan.
The letter h is lost in modern language.
Example: semuha - semua

Examples of Ancient Malay

Language
(1) swasti sri sakawarsatatika 605
ekadasi su (2) klapaksa wulan
waisakha dpunta hiyam nayik di
(3) samwau manalap siddhayatra
di saptami suklapaksa (4) wulan
jyestha dapunta hiyam marlapas
dari minana .

Ancient Malay transition to Malay

Classic
This shift is associated with the
growing influence of Islam in
Southeast Asia established in the
13th century.
Preclassic Malay was used during
the transition, the transition from
Hindu influence on Arabic.
Used the Arabic Kufi form.

Examples of Pre-classic
Malay text
Matn al-Malikah al-Muazzamah
alalah (al-alah) binti as-Sultan ala
marhum Malik al Zahir kha (?) al
athar (?) inb Walidihi Khan (?) al
khanat (?) taghammadahu LLahu (bir ridhwan fir-rabi ashar
yaum ..

Classical Malay
Language
Classical Malay language is a
Malay
language
that
has
distinctive characters.
Used the Jawi script.
Bahasa Melayu at this time is
thought to have characters.
Thereafter, the Malay language
greatly changed in terms of
vocabulary, sentence structure,

Characteristics
Language:

of

Long
sentences,
convoluted.

Classical

Malay

repetitive,

and

Many use of passive sentences

Using the royal langauge (palace)
Many use of the particle 'even' and 'is'.
pun dan lah.
Used words like meanwhile, once upon
a time, and so on. (hatta, adapun,
alkisah, dan sebagainya.)

Examples of Classical Malay

Language
marilah jung dan harta dan
lasyskar kita suruh kemblik ke
Melaka, jika tiada kembalik raja
Pertukal, jung dan harta dan
lasyskar tiada kemblik, beparanglah
pada raja Bejahan, suruh jemput
membawah Francisco beri minum .

Modern Malay
Language
The development of modern Malay
language began in the 19th century.
Prior to British colonization, Malay
Language has reached a high
position, serves as the medium of
instruction,
administration,
literature and language at the
center of Islamic education.

 During the early British rule, the

Malay language was not in doubt. In
fact
it
was
used
in
official
government departments.
British
officers
serving in
the
Federated Malay States are required
to learn Malay Language and passed
the examination.
Emerging Malay scholars such as RO
Winstedt, RJ Wilkinson, W. Marsden,
WG Shellabear, and others.

 When
Malaysia
gained
independence, the Constitution
Article 152 sets of Malay
Language as the national
language.
National
Language
Act
1963/1967
set
of
Malay
Language as the national
language.

Foreign elements in Malay

Foreign elements borrowing by Malay
Language can be seen in terms of
borrowing;
1. Letter or writing system
Sounds
remuneration
Vocabulary such words and terms
sentence structure

The
reasons
there
are
foreign elements in Malay
a. Malay word does not meet the
purpose of a foreign language.
b. There are no words in the
Malay language and the need
to give a name to the
phenomenon or object.

 Borrowing process occurred

through the following ways:
A. War and colonial politics
B. Business and trade
C. Migration and friendship
D. Education and the spread of

 Chronology of borrowing
words is as follows:
Sanskrit Arab Portugis
Inggeris

Examples of
Sanskrit

Affixes

Loan

Prefix:
Maha:- mahaguru, mahasiswa
Pra:- prakata, prasyarat
Tata:- tatabahasa, tatasusila
Swa:- swasta, swadaya
Eka:- ekabahasa, ekafungsi
Dwi:- dwibahasa, dwicara
Panca:- pancaindera, pancalogam

from

Suffixes
- man:- seniman, budiman
- wan:- hartawan, karyawan
- nita:- biduanita
- wati:- seniwati, olahragawati

Examples of Arabic
vocabulary
1. Religion:- islam,
sujud, kiblat

tasawuf,

mufti,

2. Knowledge:- falak, falsafah, makrifat

3. Tradition:- nasab, salam, sedekah,
nikah, fakir
4. Occurrence :- dunia, akhirat, salji,
haiwan

Examples of Arabic loan

Affixes
Prefix
Bi:- biadab, binomial
Suffix
-I :- insani, akhiri
-wi :- duniawi
-in :- hadirin
-ah :- ustazah

Examples of English
Vocabulary Loans
Fasa, fokus, kafe, sofa, lif, staf
Vaksin, vakum, novel,
televisyen
Syampu, syif, kusyen
Zip, zon, dozen, gazet

Examples of English
Vocabulary Loans
Prefix
Anti :- antibiotik
Pro :- proaktif
Poli :- poliklinik
Auto :- autograf
Sub :- subgolongan
Supra :- supranasional

Suffix
- al :- kritikal, praktikal
- isme :- idealisme,
nasionalisme