Cause and Effects of

Migration

Human Development
Index
TheHuman Development Index(HDI) is a
composite statistic of life expectancy, education,
and income per capita indicators, which are used
to rank countries into four tiers of human
development.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary
measure of average achievement in key
dimensions of human development: a long and
healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a
decent standard of living. The HDI is the
geometric mean of normalized indices for each of
the three dimensions.

Components of HDI
The Human Development Index (HDI) was created to
emphasize that expanding human choices should be the
ultimate criteria for assessing development results.
Economic growth is a mean to that process, but is not an
end by itself. The HDI can also be used to question national
policy choices, asking how two countries with the same
level of GNI per capita can end up with different human
development outcomes. For example, Malaysia has GNI per
capita higher than Chile, but in Malaysia, life expectancy at
birth is about 7 years shorter and expected years of
schooling is 2.5 years shorter than Chile, resulting in Chile
having a much higher HDI value than Malaysia. These
striking contrasts can stimulate debate about government
policy priorities.

1. Life Expectancy
Life expectancyis a statistical
measure of the average time an
organism is expected to live, based
on the year of theirbirth, their
current age and
otherdemographicfactors
includingsex.

2. Education
Educationis the process of
facilitatinglearning, or the acquisition
ofknowledge,skills,values,beliefs,
andhabits. Educational methods
includestorytelling,discussion,teach
ing,training, and directedresearch.

3. Per capita income

itmeasures theaverageincome
earned per person in a given area
(city, region, country, etc.) in a
specified year. It is calculated by
dividing the area's total income by its
total population

Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of

Needs

Effects of Migration on the Host

Country
Positive
1. Job vacancies and skills gaps can be filled.
2. Economic growth can be sustained.
3. Services to an ageing population can be
maintained when there are insufficient young
people locally.
4. The pension gap can be filled by the
contributions of new young workers and they also
pay taxes.
5. Immigrants bring energy and innovation.
6. Host countries are enriched by cultural diversity.

Effects of Migration on the Host

Country
Negative

1. Depression of wages may occur but this seems to be

temporary.
2. Having workers willing to work for relatively low pay may
allow employers to ignore productivity, training and innovation.
3. Migrants may be exploited.
4. Increases in population can put pressure on public services.
5. Unemployment may rise if there are unrestricted numbers of
incomers.
6. There may be integration difficulties and friction with local
people.
7. Large movements of people lead to more security monitoring.
8. Ease of movement may facilitate organised crime and people
trafficking.

Effects of Migration : Country of

Origin

Positive
1. Developing countries benefit from remittances
(payments sent home by migrants) that now often outstrip
foreign aid.
2. Unemployment is reduced and young migrants enhance
their life prospects.
3. Returning migrants bring savings, skills and
international contacts.
Negative
1. Economic disadvantage through the loss of young
workers
2. Loss of highly trained people, especially health workers
3. Social problems for children left behind or growing up
without a wider family circle