METHODS OF DATA

PRESENTATION
Textual Method
Tabular Method
Graphical
Method

METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

1. Textual Method a narrative description of the data
gathered.
2. Tabular Method a systematic arrangement of
information into columns and rows.
3. Graphical Method an illustrative description of the
data.

THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

TABLE (FDT)
An FDT is a statistical table showing the frequency or number
of observations contained in each of the defined classes or
categories.
Parts of an FDT / Statistical Table
1.Heading
2.Body
3.Stubs or classes
4.Caption

THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

TABLE (FDT)
Heading

Table 1: Awareness on the Gender Laws and

Provisions

Gender Laws

Caption

Stubs/
Classes

Frequency

Relative
Frequency

Magna Carta of Women

73

35%

Anti Trafficking of Women

2%

RA 9262

24

11%

CEDAW

3%

Harassment Bill

18

9%

Total

50

100

Body

Source: Approaching Gender Mainstreaming in the Academe

TYPES OF FDT

Qualitative or Categorical FDT an FDT where the data

are group according to some qualitative characteristics; data are
grouped into non numerical categories.
Quantitative FDT an FDT where data are grouped according
to some numerical or quantitative characteristics.
Table 1. Frequency Distribution of the Age of the
Respondents
Age
16-19
20-25
26 above
total

Frequency
134
64
4
202

Percentage
66%
32%
2%
100%

Steps in the Construction of a Frequency

Distribution Table.

Other Columns of a Quantitative FDT

Other Columns of a Quantitative FDT

4. Cumulative frequency (CF)
a.
Less than CF (<CF) total number of observations whose
values do not exceed the UL of the class.
b.
Greater than CF (>CF) total number of observations
whose values are not less than the LL of the class.
5.
Relative cumulative frequency (RCF)
a.Less than relative cumulative frequency (<RCF)
b.Greater than relative cumulative frequency (>RCF)

Example
Construct the FDT of the given data set.
Age (in years) of 40 Patients Confined at a certain
Hospital.
5
15
23
27
33
38
44
52
5
15
24
30
33
40
45
53
7
20
25
31
34
42
45
55
10
20
25
31
35
42
50
57
13
21
26
32
36
43
51
57

 Based from the given problem:

Make an Interpretation and Conclusion.
Answer the following questions.

HOW MANY PATIENTS ARE AGED 40 AND BELOW?

HOW MANY PATIENTS ARE AGED 23 AND ABOVE?
HOW MANY PATIENTS ARE AGED BETWEEN 5-13?
WHAT IS THE PERCENTAGE OF MAJORITY OF THE
PATIENTS CONFINED AT THE HOSPITAL?
THE AVERAGE AGE OF 22.5% OF THE TOTAL OBSERVATIONS
IS _____.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
DATA
Advantages:
Main features and implications of a body of data can be seen at once.
Can attract attention and hold the readers interest
Simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been expressed in so many
words.
Can readily clarify data, frequently bring out hidden facts and relationship.
Qualities of a Good Graph
Accurate
Clear
Simple
Good appearance

COMMON TYPES OF GRAPH

SCATTER GRAPH a graph used to represent measurements
or values that are thought to be related.
LINE CHART graphical representation of data especially
useful for showing trends over a period of time.
PIE CHART a circular graph that is useful in showing how a
total quantity is distributed among a group of categories.
COLUMN AND BAR GRAPH like pie chart, this is
applicable only to grouped data. Used for discrete, grouped data
of ordinal and nominal.

Graphical representation of the FDT

FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM a bar graph that displays the classes
on the horizontal axis and the frequencies of the classes on the vertical
axis; the vertical lines of the bars are erected at the class boundaries
and the height of the bars correspond to the class frequency.
RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM a graph that displays
the classes on the horizontal axis and the relative frequencies on the
vertical axis.
FREQUENCY POLYGON line chart that is constructed by plotting
the frequencies at the class marks. (Frequency vs. class marks).
OGIVES graph of the cumulative frequency distribution.
<OGIVE the <CF is plotted against the UTCB.
>OGIVE the >CF is plotted against the LTCB.

TYPES OF GRAPH

TYPES OF GRAPH