Work and Energy

Physics 100 Chapt 5

Physicists definition of work

(n A s
ot
ca
a
l
ve ar
ct
or
)

dist
dist

Work = F

dist

Atlas holds up the Earth

But he doesnt move,
dist = 0

Work= Fx dist = 0
He doesnt do any work!

Garcon does work when

he picks up the tray
but not while he
carries it around
the room
dist is not zero,
but dist is 0

Why this

r
o
t n
c
definition? ve atio
A qu
e

Newtons 2nd law:

A
eq sca
ua lar
tio
n

F=m a

Definition of work
+ a little calculus

Work= change in mv2

This scalar quantity is given
a special name: kinetic energy

Work = change in KE
This is called:

the Work-Energy Theorem

Units again
Kinetic Energy = mv2
work = F x dist

2
m
kg 2
s
same!

m
N m =kg 2 m
s

=1Joule

Work done by gravity

end

start

dist

dist
change in
vertical height

W=mg

Work = F
=

dist

-mg x change in height

= -change in mg h

Gravitational Potential Energy

Workgrav = -change in mgh

This is called:
Gravitational Potential
Energy (or PEgrav)

change
Workgrav
in =PE-change
in PE
grav = -Work
grav
grav

If gravity is the only force

doing work.
Work-energy theorem:
-change in mgh = change in mv2
0 = change in mgh + change in mv2
change in (mgh + mv2) = 0

mgh + mv2 = constant

Conservation of energy
mgh + mv2 = constant
Gravitational
Potential energy

Kinetic energy

If gravity is the only force that does work:

PE + KE = constant

Energy is conserved

Free fall

height

(reminder)

t = 0s
V0 = 0
t = 1s

80m
75m

V1 = 10m/s
60m
t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s
t = 3s

35m

V3 = 30m/s

t = 4s
V4 = 40m/s

0m

m=1kg free falls from 80m

t = 0s
V0 = 0 h0=80m

mgh

mv2

sum

800J

800J

50J

800J

t = 1s
V1 = 10m/s; h1=75m

750J

t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s; h2=60m

600J

200J

800J

350J

450J

800J

t = 3s
V3 = 30m/s; h3=35m

t = 4s
V4 = 40m/s; h4=0

800J

800J

pendulum
T
W=mg
Two forces: T and W
T is always

to the motion

Pendulum conserves energy

E=mghmax

E=mghmax

hmax

E=1/2 m(vmax)2

Roller coaster

Work done by a spring

Relaxed
Position
F=0

x
I compress
the spring
(I do + work;
spring does
-work)

Work done by spring = - change in kx2

Spring Potential Energy

Workspring = -change in kx2
This is the:
Springs Potential
Energy (or PEspring)

Workspring = -change in PEspring

change in PEspring = -Workspring

If spring is the only force doing

work.
Work-energy theorem:
-change in kx2 = change in mv2
0 = change in kx2 + change in mv2
change in ( kx2 + mv2) = 0

kx2 + mv2 = constant

Conservation of energy
springs & gravity

mgh + kx2 + mv2 = constant

Gravitational
spring
potential energy potential energy

Kinetic energy

If elastic force & gravity are the only force doing work:

PEgrav + PEspring + KE = constant

Energy is conserved

example

grav PE
KineticE
Spring PE

Two types of forces:

Conservative

forces
forces that do + & work

Dissipative

Gravity

Friction

Elastic (springs, etc)

Viscosity

Electrical forces

-work
change in PE

forces
forces that only do work

-work heat

(no potential energy.)

(-)Work done by frictionheat

Thermal atomic motion

Air

solid

Heat energy= KE and PE associated with

the random thermal motion of atoms

Work-energy theorem
(all forces)

Workfric =
Work done
dissipative
Forces
(always -)

change in

(PE+KE)

potential energy
From all
Conservative forces

Kinetic
energy

-Work
=
change
in
heat
energy
Work
=
-change
in
heat
energy
fric
fric

-change

=
(PE+KE)

in Heat Energy
change in

Work Energy Theorem

(all forces)

0 =

change in

0 =

+
(PE+KE)

change in Heat Energy

change in

Heat Energy

(Heat

Energy+PE+KE)

+ PE + KE = constant

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy conversion while skiing

Potential energy

Potential energykinetic energy

Friction: energy gets

converted to heat

Units again
Heat units:

1 calorie = heat energy required to raise the

temp of 1 gram of H2O by 1o C
Kg m2/s2

1 calorie= 4.18 Joules

Food Calories
1 Calorie = 1000 calories = 1Kcalorie
The Calories you read on food labels

1 Calorie= 4.18x103 Joules

7 x 106 J

8 x 105 J

2 x 106 J

Power
Rate of using energy:
Units:

Joule
1 second

amout of energy
Power = elapsed time
= 1 Watt

A 100 W light bulb

consumes 100 J of
electrical energy each
second to produce light

Other units
Over a full day, a work-horse can
have an average work output of
more than 750 Joules each second

1 Horsepower = 750 Watts

Kilowatt hours
energy
Power = time

energy = power

power unit
Elec companies use:

Kilowatts
(103 W)

time

time unit = energy unit

x

hours

(3600 s)

1 kilowatt-hour = 1kW-hr
= 103 W x 3.6x103 s = 3.6x106 Ws
J
HECO charges us about 15 cents /kW-hr