Recap Questions

Draw dot and cross diagrams to illustrate the

bonding in Hydrogen sulphide and potassium
sulphide.
What difference, if any, would you expect in the
physical properties of these 2 compounds?
Identify which of the following compounds are
polar: BF3, CO2, NH3
AlCl3 is an electron deficient molecule. Using a
suitable diagram, explain how it exists as Al2Cl6
at room temperature.
Are pi bonds stronger than sigma bonds?
Explain your reasoning.

Intermolecular Forces
Van der Waals forces
Permanent Dipole dipole
Hydrogen Bonds

forces

Van der Waals Forces

These

forces are the weakest

intermolecular forces.
Their strength is dependent on the
number of molecules present.
Also called london/induced dipoleinduced dipole forces

Induced dipole-induced
dipole
Electrons are constantly moving within
atoms/molecules.
At any given time the electrons may lie more
towards one end of the atom/molecule than
the other.
When this happens, an instantaneous electric
dipole is created, meaning one end of the
atom/molecule has a a ve charge and the
other has a +ve charge due to the nucleus.
This atom/molecule then induces a dipole in
neighboring molecules

Induced dipole-induced
dipole

Example of Induced
dipole in I2

Induced dipole-induced
dipole
Weakest

type of attractive force found

between atoms/molecules.
Its strength is dependent on:
1. the number of electrons present. Why?
2. The size of the atom. Why?
3. The number of contact points in the
molecule
.It is responsible for the slippery nature
of graphite and the volatility of bromine
and iodine.

Structure of solids with Van

der Waals forces
Simple molecular structure
Example: Iodine (I2)

Permanent Dipole

Permanent Dipole
A

molecule is polar if its atoms have

different electronegativities.
If one atom is more electronegative
than the other then the bonding pair
of electrons will be attracted to that
atom.
When this happens an electric dipole
is created.
This dipole is permanent

Permanent dipole in HCl

molecule

Hydrogen Bonding
Evidence for hydrogen bonding: B.Ps of
hydrogen compounds in groups 5, 6 and 7
compared to those in Group 4

Hydrogen Bonding
Special type of permanent dipole forces
The hydrogen is attached directly to a highly
electronegative element, causing the
hydrogen to acquire a significant amount of
positive charge.
The element to which the hydrogen is
attached is not only significantly negative, but
also has at least one "active" lone pair.
Examples: H2O, NH3, HF

Hydrogen Bonding in
water

Structure of water molecules

with hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen Bonding in
water
Hydrogen bonding in water accounts
for:
1. Why pure water boils at 100oC and
not lower as expected
2. Why ice is less dense than liquid
water, when it should be heavier

Hydrogen bonding in
methanol

Hydrogen Bonding in HF

Hydrogen bonding in
ammonia

Properties of Simple
Molecular Structures
Generally

low melting and boiling

points
Many exist in liquid and gaseous
state at room temperature
Mass and number of Van der Waals
forces determine the state of the
compound at the room temperature
Soluble in only non-polar solvents
(except those with H bonding)
Can form weak lattices