Interpolation

Dr. Wan Fathul Hakim W. Zamri

PM Dr. Zainuddin Sajuri

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What is interpolation?

Why interpolation is so
important?

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data

Objective: to predict the value between a set of data

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Interpolation vs Curve
Fitting
With interpolation we seek a function that
allows us to approximate such that functional
values between the original data set
values may be determined(estimated).
With curve fitting we simply want a function
that is a good fit (typically a best fit in
some sense) to the original data points.
With curve fitting the approximating function
does not have to pass through the original data
set.
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Introduction

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Example of Interpolation

Why I have to learn interpolation at

Mechanical Engineering?

Type of interpolation
Linear
st
(1st
order)

Quadrati
nd
c (2nd
order)

Polynomi
al (norder)

Newton:
Finite Divided
Difference

st order
1st

nd order
2nd

Linear

Lagrange

Quadr
atic

Spline

Cubic

Multivar
iable

Interpolation

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Interpolation

A. Newton Interpolation:
Finite Divided Difference

Linear (1st
order)
Newton:
Finite Divided
Difference

Quadratic (2nd
order)
Polynomial (norder)

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a. Newton Interpolation:
Finite Divided Difference
(Linear)

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How to solve it based on your

previous knowledge
(Thermodynamics course)?
Axes\Poi Start
nt
xo

Mid
x

End
x1

10

20

80
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Example 3.1
We only know two
points

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Axes\Poi star
nt
t

mid end

y=lnx
0
Axes\Poi star
nt
t

?
1.791
75
mid end

y=lnx

1.386
2

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Source: University of Waterloo,

Canada

Linear polynomial
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Example

Linear polynomial
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Relative error

*calc.= measured ; *exp =

actual

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Conclusion: Newton-Linear???

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Exercise 1
x
1

y=3lnx
6
0
5
f(x) = 3 ln(x) + 0
2.0794
R = 1
4
2
42
3.2958
3
3
37
2
4.1588
1
4
83
4.8283
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
5
14
5.3752
6
78approximate value of y(3) using linear
Calculate
an
interpolation using the following ranges
a) x=2 and x=4 where f(2) = 2.079442 and f(4) =
4.158883
b) x=2 and x=5 where f(2)= 2.079442 and f(5) =
4.828314
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=MCVqOwtAFRM&index=2&list=LLnT3nvYwbs8HI0Yze5u2Ktw

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The comparison results between the

types of interpolation

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b. Quadratic interpolation
If three data points are available, the estimate is improved
by introducing some curvature into the line connecting the
points.

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Example 3.2

Axes\Poin
t

x0

x1

x2

y=lnx

1.386 1.79

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Source: University Waterloo, Canada

Quadratic polynomial

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Example

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Answer 3.2

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Result: What is the problem?

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Exercise 2
x
1
2
3
4
5
6

y=3lnx
0
2.0794
42
3.2958
37
4.1588
83
4.8283
14
5.3752
78

6
5

f(x) = 3 ln(x) + 0
R = 1

4
3
2
1
0

Calculate an approximate value of y(3) using linear interpolation

using the following ranges
a) x=2 , x=4 and x=5 where f(2) = 2.079442 , f(4) = 4.158883,
f(5) = 4.828314
b) x=1 , x=5 and x=6 where f(1)= 0 and f(5) = 4.828314, f(6)=

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c. Polynomial (n-order
interpolation)
The general form representing an n-th order interpolation
function (requires
n+1 pairs of data) is:

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Source: University of Waterloo,

Canada

Cubic polynomial
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Example

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Source: University of Waterloo,

Canada

Quartic polynomial
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Example 3.3: Assignment

Axes\Po
int

x0

x1

x2

x3

y=lnx

1.38 1.60 1.79

6
9

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Answer 3.3

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Summary: General Form of Newton Interpolation

f n ( x) f ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) f [ x1 , x0 ] ( x x0 )( x x1 ) f [ x2 , x1 , x0 ]
( x x0 )( x x1 ) ( x xn 1 ) f [ xn , xn 1 , , x0 ]
b0 f ( x0 )
b1 f [ x1 , x0 ]
b2 f [ x2 , x1 , x0 ]

f 2 ( x) b0 b1 ( x x0 ) b2 ( x x0 )( x x1 )
x x0

b0 f ( x0 )

x x1

b1

bn f [ xn , xn 1 , , x1 , x0 ]
f [ xi , x j ]

f ( xi ) f ( x j )

f [ xi , x j , xk ]

x x2

xi x j

f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
x x0

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )

x2 x1
x1 x0
b2
x 2 x0

f [ xi , x j ] f [ x j , xk ]
xi xk

f [ xn , xn 1 , , x1 , x0 ]

f [ xn , xn 1 , , x1 ] f [ xn 1 , xn 2 , , x0 ]
x n x0

f1 ( x) f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )

x x0
x x0
f1 ( x) f ( x0 )

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f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
( x x0 )
x x0
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Newton

f1 ( x) b0 b1 ( x x0 )
f 2 ( x) b0 b1 ( x x0 ) b2 ( x x0 )( x x1 )

f 3 ( x) b0 b1 ( x x0 ) b2 ( x x0 )( x x1 ) b3 ( x x0 )( x x1 )( x x2 )

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Exercise 3
Given the following data table,
evaluate
f(2.4)using3rdorder
Newton's
Divided
Difference
interpolation polynomial.
x

y=f(x)

2.25

3.75

4.25

5.81

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Interpolation

B. Lagrange
Interpolation

1
order
nd
2
order
st

Lagrange

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Lagrangian Interpolation
The Lagrange interpolating polynomial is
simply a reformulation of the Newtons
polynomial that avoids the computation of
divided differences:
n

f n ( x) Li ( x) f ( xi )
i 0
n

Li ( x)
j 0
j i

x xj
xi x j
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38

What are the different?

Newto
n

f1 ( x) f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )

x x0
x x0

f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
f1 ( x ) f ( x0 )
( x x0 )
x x0

f1 ( x )

x x0
x x1
f ( x0 )
f ( x1 )
x0 x1
x1 x0

Lagrangi
an

x x0 x x2
x x1 x x2
f 2 ( x)
f ( x0 )
x0 x1 x0 x 2
x1 x0 x1 x 2

x x0 x x1

f ( x2 )
x2 x0 x2 x1
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f ( x1 )

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First order Langrange

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Second order Lagrange

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Exercise 4
A) Newton and B) Lagrangian

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Week 5

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The night life

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzReZ-kjGKo

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Interpolation

C. Spline Interpolation

Linear

Spline

Quadratic

Cubic

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Spline Interpolation
There are cases where polynomials can lead to
erroneous/inaccurate results because of round
off error and overshoot.
Alternative approach is to apply lower-order
polynomials to subsets of data points. Such
connecting polynomials are called spline
functions.

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 A visual representation of a
situation where splines are
superior to higher order
interpolating polynomials. (a-c):
indicate that the unexpected
changes induces oscillations in
interpolating polynomials. (d)
cubic spline much more
acceptable approximation since
it is limited to third-order
curves with smooth transitions

example
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1. Linear spline

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Example 3.6
X=
5

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Result 3.6: Linear spline

X=5

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4
4 STEPS
STEPS FOR
FOR SOLVING
SOLVING QUADRATIC
QUADRATIC
SPLINE

2. Quadratic spline

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Result 3.7: Quadratic spline

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Example: Quadratic spline

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Number of
Unknown= 3n where
n is interval
Number of condition=
3n -2 where n is interval

20.25a1+4.5b1 + c1 =1.0
20.25a2+4.5b2+c2=1.0
49a2+7b2+c2=2.5
49a3+7b3+c3=2.5

X=
3

X=4.
5

X=7.
0

X=9.

Inside the
Boundary

9a1+3b1+ c1 =2.5
81a3+9b3+ c3=0.5

X=
3

X=9.
0
Outside the
Boundary 56

9a1 +b1=9a2+b2
14a2+b2=14a3+b3

X=
3

X=4.
5

X=7.
0

X=9.
0
Derivatives
-Inside the
Boundary

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20.25a1+4.5b1 + c1 =1.0
20.25a2+4.5b2+c2=1.0
49a2+7b2+c2=2.5
49a3+7b3+c3=2.5
9a1+3b1+ c1 =2.5
81a3+9b3+ c3=0.5
9a1+3b1+ c1 =2.5
81a3+9b3+ c3=0.5

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3. Cubic spline

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Cont..

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Example 3.8

Hey brother
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxIiPLVR6NA
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answer

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Result 3.8

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Multivaria
ble
Interpolati
on

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d. Multivariable
Interpolation
st
Linear
Linear (1
(1st
order)
order)

Quadratic
Quadratic
nd
(2
(2nd
order)

Polynomi
Polynomi
al
al (n(norder)

Newton:
Finite Divided
Difference

st order
1
1st
order

nd order
2
2nd
order

Line
ar

Lagrange

Quad
ratic

Spline

Cubi
c

Multiv
ariable

Interpolation

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Example 3.10

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Solution
xy

0.2

0.3

0.4

1
1.
5
1.
5
1.
5
1.

0.5

0.64
9
1.00
3
1.35
9
1.70
3

0.2 0.99
1.52
0.3
4
2.04
0.4
5
2.54

Y=0.3
3

Y=0.3
3

Y=0.3
3

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Use this concept

Estimate value of z at x =0.6

and y =0.33
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xy

0.2

0.3

0.4

1
1.
5
1.
5
1.
5
1.
5

0.5

2
2

0.64
9
1.00
3
1.35
9
1.70
3

0.2 0.99
1.52
0.3
4
2.04
0.4
5
2.54
0.5
9
1.56
0.2
8
2.38
0.3
4

Develop branch y
and z
1) At x= 1

Z(1, 0.33)

2) At x= 1.5

Z(1.5, 0.33)

3) At x= 2

Z(2, 0.33)

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Answer

# Calculate
by your own
since the
data give the
wrong
answer
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# Calculate
by your own
since the
data give the
wrong
72
answer

EXERCISE 2

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10

1.5

10

1.5

9.95

1.5

1.5

7.32
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EXERCISE 3

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List of youtubes
Thank You The Educated Race
Will People Follow The Crowd In An
Elevator Experiment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDD4IkVZWTM

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