12 Psychological

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Disorders

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CHAPTER PREVIEW
Defining/Explaining Abnormal Behavior
Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders
Disorders Involving Emotion and Mood
Eating Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Suicide
Combating Stigma
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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Behavior that is
deviant (atypical)
maladaptive (dysfunctional)
personally distressing (despair)

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THEORETICAL APPROACHES
Biological Approach: Medical Model
disorders with biological origins

Psychological Approach
experiences, thoughts, emotions, personality

Sociocultural Approach
social context

Biopsychosocial Model
interaction of biological, psychological and
sociocultural factors
Vulnerability-Stress Hypothesis (Diathesis-Stress
Model)
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DSM-V CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Advantages
provides a common basis for
communication
helps clinicians make predictions
naming the disorder can provide
comfort

Disadvantages
stigma (shame, negative reputation)
medical terminology implies internal
cause
focus on weaknesses, ignores
strengths
promotes over-diagnosis
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ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY
DISORDER
inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
over-diagnosed
Diagnoses skyrocketed by 2000% from 1988 to
2010.

traditionally considered a childhood disorder

2/3rds persist to adulthood

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ANXIETY-RELATED DISORDERS
uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and
disruptive
generalized anxiety disorder
panic disorder
specific phobia
social anxiety disorder
Anxiety-related, but not DSM-5
anxiety disorders:
obsessive-compulsive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
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GENERALIZED ANXIETY
DISORDER
Diagnosis and Symptoms
persistent anxiety for at least 6 months
inability to specify reasons for the
anxiety

Etiology
biological factors
- genetic predisposition, GABA
deficiency, respiration

psychological and sociocultural

factors
- harsh self-standards, critical
parents, negative thoughts,
trauma
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PANIC DISORDER
Diagnosis and Symptoms
recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often
occur without warning

Etiology
biological factors: genetic predisposition
psychological factors: conditioning to
CO2
sociocultural factors: gender differences

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SPECIFIC PHOBIA
Diagnosis and Symptoms
an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a
particular object or situation (e.g., spider phobia)

Etiology
psychological factors: learned
biological factors: genetic disposition

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EXAMPLES OF PHOBIC
DISORDERS

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SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER

Diagnosis and Symptoms
intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in
social situations

Etiology
biological factors:
genetic disposition
neural circuitry
serotonin

psychological factors:

over-protective / rejecting parenting

social experiences

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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE
DISORDER
Diagnosis and Symptoms
persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges
to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to
prevent or produce a situation

Etiology
biological factors:
genetic predisposition
over-active brain components
neurotransmitters

psychological factors:
life stress
difficulty filtering out negative thoughts
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE
DISORDER
Diagnosis and Symptoms
persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges
to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to
prevent or produce a situation

Subtypes

hoarding disorder
excoriation (skin picking)
trichotillomani (hair pulling)
body dysmorphic disorder

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POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

Diagnosis and Symptoms
Symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a
traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or
unnatural disasters
flashbacks
avoidance of emotional experiences, emotional
numbness
excessive arousal, startle
difficulties with memory
and concentration
impulsive outbursts

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MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

(MDD)
Diagnosis and Symptoms
significant depressive episode
that lasts for at least two weeks
daily functioning is impaired
symptoms may include

fatigue, sense of
worthlessness, reduced
interest
appetite & sleep disturbance

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MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

(MDD)
Etiology
biological factors:
genetic disposition
underactive prefrontal cortex
regulation of neurotransmitters

psychological factors:
learned helplessness
ruminating on negative,
self-defeating thoughts
pessimistic attribution

sociocultural factors
poverty
gender differences
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BIPOLAR DISORDER
Bipolar
Characterized by extreme mood swings that include
mania

Frequency and separation of episodes

usually separated by 6 months to a year

Etiology
strong genetic component
swings in metabolic activity in
cerebral cortex
levels of neurotransmitters
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EATING DISORDERS
Anorexia Nervosa
Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
Low levels of positive-emotion differentiation

Bulimia Nervosa
consistent binge and purge eating pattern

genetic disposition (multiple genes)

socio-cultural tuning

Binge-Eating Disorder
Recurrent episodes of excessive/out-of-control eating

both biological (genetic, neurotransmitters) and

cultural factors

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DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
sudden loss of memory or change in identity
Dissociation
protection from extreme stress
problems integrating emotional memories

Types
dissociative amnesia
dissociative identity disorder (DID)

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DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
Dissociative Amnesia
individuals experience extreme memory loss
regarding personal identity caused by extensive
psychological stress

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DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY
DISORDER
Diagnosis and Symptoms
the same individual possesses two
or more distinct personalities
each personality has unique
memories, behaviors, and
relationships
only one personality is dominant at
a time

Etiology
extraordinarily severe abuse in early
childhood
runs in families (genetic?)
social contagion?
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SCHIZOPHRENIA
highly disordered thought
split from reality (psychotic)
typically diagnosed in early adulthood
high suicide risk

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SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Positive Symptoms
hallucinations and delusions
thought disorders
disorders of movement

Negative Symptoms
social withdrawal, behavior deficits
flat affect

Cognitive Symptoms
attention difficulties and memory problems
impaired ability to interpret information and make
decisions
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ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Biological Factors
genetic predisposition
structural brain abnormalities
regulation of neurotransmitters

Psychological Factors
vulnerability-stress hypothesis

Sociocultural Factors
influence how disorder progresses

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PERSONALITY DISORDERS
chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral
patterns
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
law-breaking, violence,
deceit; without regret
impulsive, irritable, reckless,
irresponsible

Etiology
biological factors (genetic, brain,
and ANS differences)
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PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Borderline Personality Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
instability in interpersonal relationships & self-image
impulsive, insecure, unstable & extreme emotions

Etiology
genetic
childhood abuse
irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and
that others are hostile

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SUICIDE
Prevalence
over 40,000 in year 2012
twice as many suicides as homicides in U.S.
3rd leading cause of death in early adolescence

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WHEN SOMEONE IS THREATENING SUICIDE

DO . . .
take it seriously.
calmly ask simple questions.
be a supportive listener.
emphasize that the
unbearable can be survived.
stay with the person until
help arrives.
encourage to get
professional help.

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WHEN SOMEONE IS THREATENING SUICIDE

DO NOT
ignore the warning signs.
refuse to talk about it.
react with horror or
disapproval.
lecture judgmentally: You
should be thankful
offer false assurance
everything will be alright.
abandon the person once the
crisis seems to have passed.

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SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS IN SUICIDE

chronic economic hardship

non-Latino white males over 85
Native American, esp. females
Eastern Europe, Japan & South
Korea
culture of honor
religious prohibition
women more likely to attempt;
men more likely to
complete.
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COMBATTING STIGMA
Rosenhans study - fake psychiatric patients
negative attitudes toward mentally ill
physical health risk
successfully functioning individuals with
mental illness reluctant to come out

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