Microstucture and

Mechanical Behavior of
Ti-6Al-4V produced by
rapid-layer
manufacturing, for
biomedical applications

Ido Widya Yudhatama

Aficena Himdani I.A

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Wrought and Cast Ti-6Al-4V: Thermochemical Processing,
Microstructure, and Mechanical Behavior
3. Direct Digital Manufacturing by Electron Beam Melting (EBM):
Microstructures and Mechanical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Components
4. Direct Digital Manufacturing Using Selective Laser Melting (SLM):
Microstructures and Mechanical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Components
5. Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages of EBM and SLM in
Contrast to Wrought Ti-6Al-4V Manufactured Products
6. Summary

Introduction

Introduction
Implant material sebagai penyambung lutut atau pinggul
Dibutuhkan custom-designed (bentuk manufaktur yang
kompleks)
Review thermomechanical processing dari produk Ti-6Al-4V
Membandingkan fabrikasi Ti-6Al-4V dari EBM dengan SLM
Keuntungan dan Kerugian manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V dari EBM dan
SLM

Wrought and Cast

Ti-6Al-4V:
Thermochemical
Processing,
Microstructure, and
Mechanical Behavior

Manufacturing Process

Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V
Forged at 640 C above
Beta transition
(Wrought)

Billet forged and solution treated 1 h

at 950 C, air cooled, then annealed 2
h at 700 C (Cast)

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Ti-6Al-4V

TEM bright field of Ti-6Al-4V

Hexagonal dislocation network
structure in titled (0001) phase

Heavy dislocation network

structure within phase

Direct Digital
Manufacturing by
Electron Beam
Melting (EBM)
Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior
of Ti-6Al-4V Components

Electron Beam Melting (ARCAM EBM S400)

1.

Electron Gun Assembly

2.

EB Focusing Lens

3.

EB Deflection Coils (x-y)

4.

Powder Cassettes

5.

Powder Layer Rake

6.

Cylindrical Build Test Speciment

7.

Build Table

EBM Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) powder features

Field emission SEM image showing
powder morphologies and sizes

Powder size distribution

SEM of EBM Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) powder features

SEM views of an EBM
Built Cylinder

SEM view from top surfaces

of the cylindrical part

TEM of EBM Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) powder features

The TEM
microstructure
images in Fig. 21 show
very fine, nano-grain
0 with some
intermixed 00 (fcorthorhombic phase: a
= 0.30 nm, b =
0.49 nm, c = 0.46 nm)

Mechanical Properties of EBM Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5)

powder features

UTS: 1.15 GPa to 1.2 Gpa

Elongation: 16% - 25%

Direct digital
manufacturing
using selective
laser melting (SLM)
Microstructures and mechanical behavior
of Ti6Al4V components

SLM
Reduces temperature
gradients
Reduce internal stresses
Ensure a good bonding of
the first layers
Removes moisture

Mechanical Properties of SLM Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5)

powder features

UTS increase of 23%

over the EBM
Elongation drop 78%

SEM

Field emission SEM images showing

fracture surface features for SLM
manufactured (horizontal) cylinder
corresponding to longation of 4.4%.

TEM

SLM System

SLM system schematic showing key

components:
(1) Laser
(2) Double rotating mirror system;
(3) Beam focuslens. The beam is scanned
over the layer-building part(double
arrows);
(4) Powder feeder system
(5) Building platform;
(6) Recoater
(7) Powder recovery/recycle.

Comparative advantages
and disadvantages of EBM
and SLM in contrast to
wrought
Ti6Al4V manufactured
products

Advantages

Powder metallurgy offers a number of advantages in the production

of a range of medical devices such as refined microstructures with
isotropic properties and near-net-shape parts with high materials
utilization (considerably reduced waste) implicit on comparing.

Comparation of Mechanical Properties between

EBM and SLM Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) powder
features

 The EBM production of custom Ti knee implants using recommended process

parameters which required 10 to 12 h to build a nested batch: a production rate
of 1 to 1.5 h per implant per machine.
Could produce 4000 custom knee implants/yr
Time effective than CNC machining
A significant feature of both EBM and SLM layer manufacture is significant waste
material reduction since the unused powder can be recycled (Christensen, 2007)

Summary

SUMMARY

Both the EBM and SLM processes can produce a wide range of
characteristic crystallographic phases (hcp), (bcc),
(hcp martensite) and (fc-orthorhombic) and phase
microstructure which for conventional wrought and cast Ti6Al
4V billets and bar stock require complex thermo-mechanical
processing.