Day

inverse matrix

A Fast Review
What is a matrix ------

(One Matrix many matrices)

Why do they exist

Matrix Terminology
Elements
Rows
Columns
Square Matrix
Adding/Subtracting
Multiplying/Dividing (Divisions are Multiplications)
Finding the solution of simultaneous linear equations
Row Reuction
Cramers Rule
inverse matrix

Solve these

inverse matrix

The Inverse
Solving simultaneous
equations

What is an identity?
In math the identity is the number you multiply by
to have equivalent numbers.
For multiplication it is one.
5 * 1 = 5, of course. How is this useful?
3
If you need to have a denominator of 40 in the 8

fraction

3 5 15

8 5 40
inverse matrix

What is an inverse?
The inverse is a number when
multiplied by another number equals
one. 1
4 1 4
4 1
4
1 4 4

4 9 36

1
9 4 36
inverse matrix

Todays Goals
To be able to find the inverse of a Matrix A ~ A -1
To use this for solving simultaneous equations
Recap
The identity Matrix is the equivalent of the number
1 in matrix form

1 0 1 2
0 1 3 4

1 2

2
4

1 2 1 0
3 4 0 1

inverse matrix

1 2

2
4

Definition of Inverse
The inverse is Defined as

1 2 ? ?
3 4 ? ?

AA-1 = A-1A = I

1 0

0
0

? ?
? ?

1 2
3 4

1 0

0
0

We will find out how to calculate the inverse for 2x2 matrix
But first why is it important ?
Because it will allow us to solve equations of the form
a11
a
21

a12
a 22

x1
.

x
2

b1

b
2
inverse matrix

We will only consider 2x2

Matrix systems
That means simultaneous
equations

Why will it help us solve equations?

Because if we can express a system of equations in the
form

Ax b

Then we can multiply both sides by the inverse matrix

A Ax A b
And we can then know the values of X because

A AI

xA b
1

inverse matrix

The The
multiplicative
a matrix
multiplicative inverse
inverse ofof
a matrix
This can only be done with SQUARE matrices
By hand we will only do this for a 2x2 matrix
Inverses of larger square matrices can be calculated but
can be quite time expensive for large matrices, computers
are generally used
4 8
Ex A = 1 3

then A-1 =

0.75 2

0.25 1

as AxA-1 = I

3 2
8 8 1 0
4 8 0.75 2

1 3 0.25 1 0.75 0.75 2 3 0 1

inverse matrix

10

Finding the Inverse of a 2x2 matrix

a b
c d

Step-1 First find what is called the Determinant

This is calculated as ad-bc
Step-2 Then swap the elements in the leading diagonal

d b
c a

d b
c a

Step-3 Then negate the other elements

Step-4 Then multiply the Matrix by 1/determinant

1 d b
ad cb c a
inverse matrix

11

Example: Find Inverse of A

Step 1 Calc Determinant
4 8
Determinant (ad-cb) = 4x3-8x1 = 4

A
1 3
Step 2 Swap Elements on leading diagonal

3 8

step2
1
4

Step 3 negate the other elements

3 8

step3
4
1
1 3 8

4
4 1

step4

Step 4 multiply by 1/determinant

check

0.75 2
1
A

0
.
25
1

AA

4 8

1 3

inverse matrix

32

0.75 2
0.25

0.75 0.75

1
8 8

23

1 0

0 1

12

Find the inverses and check them

2 6

A
1 5

1 5 6 1.25 1.5

A
4 1 2 0.25 0.5

5 20

B
1 2

1 2 20 0.2 2

B
10 1 5 0.1 0.5

2 2

C
0 1

1 1 2 0.5 1

C
2 0 1
2 0
1

inverse matrix

13

More inverses to find and check

1 3 4 1.5

A
2 1 2 0.5
1 2 10 0.1

B1
20 1 5 0.05
1 1 2 1
1

C
1 2 3 2

2 4

A
1 3
5 10

B
1 2

3 2

C
2 1

1 0

F
0 1

0.5

0.25

1 0 2 0 1

D
1
8
0
.
5
4
2

8 2

D
1 0
2 8

E
1 4

E 1 cannot be found as det 2 4 (1 8) 8 8 0

1 1 0 1 0

self inverting
F 1
1 0 1 0 1
inverse matrix

14

Solving simultaneous equations

We can use our 2x2 matrices to express 2

simultaneous equations (2 equations about the same
2 variables)
First we must put them in the correct format
for the variables x & y the format should be
ax + by = m
cx + dy = n {where a,b,c,d,m & n are constants}

Example
Nadia and Hanung spend $240 altogether and Nadia spends 3 times
as much as Hanung.
let p: what Nadia spends and j: what Hanung spends
then N + H = 240
N=3H
rewrite N-3H = 0

(right format a and b = 1 m = 240)

(wrong format)
(right format c = 1 d = -3 n = 0)
inverse matrix

15

Solving
simultaneous equations
Solving
simultaneous
equations

We can use our 2x2 matrices to express these

simultaneous equations

x y
x 3y
1 1

1 3
constants from
the left hand side
(the coefficients
of p and j)

240

Becomes in matrix form

x1 240

x2 0
UNKNOWNS
X ~ x1
Y ~ x2

inverse matrix

constants
from the
right hand
side
16

1 1

1 3

x1 240

x2 0

Format is Ax=B

To solve this using the matrix we must get rid of it by using its
inverse!
First find the inverse

1 1

1 3

1 3 1 0.75 0.25

4 1 1 0.25 0.25

now use it on both sides of the equation

0.75 0.25

0.25 0.25

1 1

1 3

x1 0.75 0.25

x
2 0.25 0.25

240

1 0 x1 0.75 0.25

x
0 1 2 0.25 0.25

240

x1 180

x 2 60

So Answer is N = $180 and H = $60

inverse matrix

17

Tips

a b x m

c d y n
a b

c d

1 d b

ad bc c a

x
1 d b

y ad bc c a
inverse matrix

m

n
18

Now your turn

Your Turn solve the following

3x +4y = 5
5x = 7-6y

3 4 x 5

5 6 y 7

Answer x = -1 y = 2

1 6 4 5
1 30 28
1 2 1

y 2 5 3 7 2 25 21 2 4 2
x

x+7y = 1.24
3y -x = 0.76
x

8x = 3y -1
x+y =-7

1 7 x 1.24

1 3 y 0.76

Answer x = -0.16 y = 0.2

1 3 7 1.24
1 3.72 5.32
1 1.6 0.16

10 1 1 0.76 10 1.24 0.76 10 2 0.2

8 3 x 1

1 1 y 7

Answer x = -2 y = -5

x
1 1 3 1
1 1 21
1 22 2

y 11 1 8 7 11 1 56 11 55 5
inverse matrix

19

Verify Inverse Matrices:

Determine whether the pair of matrices are
inverses

2
X
1

2 2
X Y

1
4

1
2

1
2

;Y

4
1

1
2
1

1
2
1

1
1

1 1
4

2 2

Since XYI, they are not inverses!

inverse matrix

20

Cofactor Method for Inverses

Let A = (aij) be an nxn matrix
Recall, the co-factor Cij of element aij is:

Cij = (-1)i+j |
Mij|
Mij is the (n-1) x (n-1) matrix made by
removing the ROW i and COLUMN j of
A
inverse matrix

21

Cofactor Method for Inverses

Put all co-factors in a matrix
called the matrix of co-factors:

C11 C12
C21 C22

C1n
C2n

Cn1 Cn2

Cnn
inverse matrix

22

Cofactor Method for Inverses

Inverse of A is given by:
1
A =
|A|
-1

1
|A|

(matrix of co-factors)T

C1 C2
C
C
1 1 1 2

Cn
C
1 n

C1 C2

Cn
inverse matrix

23

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

M11 = d

|M11| = d

inverse matrix

C11 = d

24

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

M12 = c

|M12| = c

inverse matrix

C12 = -c

25

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

M21 = b

|M21| = b

inverse matrix

C12 = -b

26

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

M22 = a

|M22| = a

inverse matrix

C22 = a

27

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

Found that:

C11 =
d
So,

C12 =
-c

1
A =
|A|
-1

C21 =
-b

C22 =
a

(matrix of co-factors)T
inverse matrix

28

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

Found that:

C11 =
d
So,

C12 =
-c

1
A =
(adbc)
-1

C21 =
-b

C22 =
a

(matrix of co-factors
inverse matrix

29

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

Found that:

C11 =
d
So,

C12 =
-c

1
-1
A =
(adbc)

C21 =
-b
C11 C12

C22 =
a

C2 C22
1

inverse matrix

30

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

Found that:

C11 =
d
So,

C12 =
-c

1
-1
A =
(adbc)

C21 =
-b

C22 =
a

C11 C21
C1 C22
2

inverse matrix

31

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

Found that:

C11 =
d
So,

C12 =
-c

1
-1
A =
(adbc)

C21 =
-b

C22 =
a

d C21
C1 C22
2

inverse matrix

32

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

Found that:

C11 =
d
So,

C12 =
-c

1
-1
A =
(adbc)

C21 =
-b

C22 =
a

d -b
C1 C22
2

inverse matrix

33

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

Found that:

C11 =
d
So,

C12 =
-c

1
-1
A =
(adbc)

C21 =
-b

C22 =
a

d -b
-c C22
inverse matrix

34

Examples
a b

Calculate the inverse of A =

Found that:

C11 =
d
So,

C12 =
-c

1
-1
A =
(adbc)

C21 =
-b

C22 =
a

d -b
-c a
inverse matrix

35

Examples 3x3 Matrix

1 1 1
Calculate the inverse of B =
1 2 2
2 3 4
Find the co-factors:

M11

2
2
=
3 4

|M11| = 2

inverse matrix

C11 =
2
36

Examples 3x3 Matrix

1 1 1
Calculate the inverse of B =
1 2 2
2 3 4
Find the co-factors:

M12

1
2
=
2 4

|M12| = 0

inverse matrix

C12 =
0
37

Examples 3x3 Matrix

1 1 1
Calculate the inverse of B =
1 2 2
2 3 4
Find the co-factors:

M13

1
2
=
2 3

|M13| = -1 C13 =
-1
inverse matrix

38

Examples 3x3 Matrix

1 1 1
Calculate the inverse of B =
1 2 2
2 3 4
Find the co-factors:

M21

1
1
=
3 4

|M21| = 1

inverse matrix

C21 =
-1
39

Examples 3x3 Matrix

1 1 1
Calculate the inverse of B =
1 2 2
2 3 4
Find the co-factors:

M22

1
1
=
2 4

|M22| = 2

inverse matrix

C22 =
2
40

Examples 3x3 Matrix

1 1 1
Calculate the inverse of B =
1 2 2
2 3 4
Find the co-factors:

M23

1
1
=
2 3

|M23| = 1

inverse matrix

C23 =
-1
41

Examples 3x3 Matrix

1 1 1
Calculate the inverse of B =
1 2 2
2 3 4
Find the co-factors:

M31

1
1
=
2 2

|M31| = 0

inverse matrix

C31 =
0
42

Examples 3x3 Matrix

1 1 1
Calculate the inverse of B =
1 2 2
2 3 4
Find the co-factors:

M32

1
1
=
1 2

|M32| = 1

inverse matrix

C32 =
-1
43

Examples 3x3 Matrix

1 1 1
Calculate the inverse of B =
1 2 2
2 3 4
First find the co-factors:

M33

1
1
=
1 2

|M33| = 1

inverse matrix

C33 =
1
44

Examples 3x3 Matrix

1 1 1
Calculate the inverse of B =
1 2 2
2 3 4
Next the determinant: use the top row:

|B| = 1x |M11| -1x |M12| + 1x |M13|

= 2 0 + (-1) = 1
inverse matrix

45

Examples 3x3 Matrix

Using the formula,
1
B =
|B|
-1

= 1

(matrix of co-factors)T

(matrix of co-factors)T

inverse matrix

46

Examples 3x3 Matrix

Using the formula,
1
B =
|B|
-1

(matrix of co-factors)T

1
2
0
1
=
1 -1 2 -1
0 -1 1

inverse matrix

47

Examples 3x3 Matrix

Using the formula,
1
B =
|B|
-1

(matrix of co-factors)T

2 -1 0
0 2 -1
-1 -1 1

Same answer obtained by Gauss-Jordan

method
inverse matrix

48