CHAPTER

15
AC Power
Electronic Instrumentation and
Measurements

MEASUREMENTSYSTEM

Figure
15.1
Figure15.1

DEVICESFORTHEMEASUREMENTOFFLOW

Figure
15.2

Figure15.2
3

JTHERMOCOUPLECIRCUIT

Figure
15.3

Figure15.3

Figure 15.4

COLDJUNCTIONCOMPENSATED
THERMOCOUPLECIRCUIT

Figure15.4
5

EffectofconnectionleadsonRTDmeasurement

Figure
15.5

Figure15.5
6

Figure 15.6

(a)FourwireRTDcircuitand(b)threewire
WheatstonebridgeRTDcircuit

Figure15.6

Measurementsystemandtypesofsignalsources

Figure
15.7

Figure15.7
8

Fi
g
ur
e
1
5.
8

Groundloopingroundreferencedmeasurementsystem

Figure15.8
9

Differential(nonreferenced)measurementsystem

Figure
15.9

Figure15.9
10

Measuringsignalsfromafloatingsource:(a)differentialinput;
(b)signalendedinput

Figure15.10
11
Figure
15.10

Conductivecoupling:groundloopandseparategroundreturns

Figure
15.12

Figure15.12

12

Capacitivecouplingandequivalentcircuitrepresentation

Figure15.13
Figure15.13

13

Inductivecouplingandequivalentcircuitrepresentation

Figure15.14

Figure15.14

14

Shielded Cable Used to Reduce Noise

15

Discreteopampinstrumentationamplifier

Figure
15.16

Figure15.16

16

ICINSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIER

Figure15.17

17

Figure
15.17

AD625INSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIER

Figure15.18

Figure15.18
18

PROTOTYPELOWPASSFILTERRESPONSE

Figure15.19

Figure15.19
19

Butterworthlowpassfilterfrequencyresponse

Figure15.20

20

Figure 15.20

CHEBYSHEVLOWPASSFILTERFREQUENCYRESPONSE

Figure15.21
21

Figure 15.21

SALLENANDKEYACTIVEFILTERS

Figure
15.22

Figure15.22

22

Frequency response of the low-pass filter :

Figure 15.22

Where,

23

Blockdiagramsofadigitalmeasuringinstrumentanda
digitalcontrolsystem

Figure15.23
Figure15.23

24

ANNBITDIGITALTOANALOGCONVERTER

Figure15.24

Figure15.24
25

A4BITDAC

Figure15.25
26Figure 15.24

R-2R LADDER D/A CONVERTER

Figure 15.25

27

ADIGITALVOLTAGEREPRESENTATIONOFAN
ANALOGVOLTAGE

Figure
15.26

Figure15.26

28

TrackingADC

Figure
15.27

Figure15.27

29

IntegratingADC

Figure15.28

30
Figure 15.28

(a)Blockdiagramof8bitsuccessiveapproximationADC;
(b)A3bitflashADC

Figure
15.29

Figure15.29
31

DESCRIPTIONOFTHESAMPLEANDHOLD
PROCESS

Figure
15.30

Figure15.30

32

Figure 15.31

SAMPLEDDATA

Figure15.31

33

DATAACQUISITIONSYSTEM

Figure15.32

Figure15.32

34

Multiplexedsampleddata

Figure15.33

35 Figure 15.33

OPAMPINOPENLOOPMODE

Figure15.35

Figure15.35
36

Noninvertingopampcomparator

Figure15.36

37 Figure
15.36

Inputandoutputofnoninvertingcomparator

Figure15.37

Figure15.37
38

INPUTANDOUTPUTOFINVERTINGCOMPARATOR

Figure15.38

39 Figure
15.38

COMPARATORWITHOFFSET

Figure15.39

Figure15.39

40

WAVEFORMSOFCOMPARATORWITHOFFSET

Figure15.40
Figure
15.40

41

TRANSFERCHARACTERISTICOFZEROCROSSING
COMPARATOR

Figure
15.41

Figure15.41
42

TRANSFERCHARACTERISTICOFINVERTING
COMPARATORWITHOFFSET

Figure15.42

43 Figure 15.42

COMPARATORRESPONSETONOISYINPUTS

Figure
15.47

Figure15.47

44

TransfercharacteristicoftheSchmitttrigger
Figure15.48

Figure15.48,
15.49
Figure
15.48

45

Schmitttrigger(generalcircuit)

Figure15.49

46
Figure 15.49

SCHMITTTRIGGERRESPONSETONOISYWAVEFORMS

Figure
15.50

Figure15.50
47

Schmitt Trigger with Offset

48

ICMONOSTABLEMULTIVIBRATORWAVEFORMS

Figure
15.53

Figure15.53

49

DUALONESHOTCIRCUIT

Figure15.54
50

Figure 15.54

NE555timer

Figure15.55

Figure15.

55
51

Figure 15.55

52

Figure 15.60

GPIB System with Bus Expander

53

GPIB(General Purpose Interface Bus)

Figure 15.61

54

Description of GPIB(IEEE 488 Bus) Lines

Figure 15.61

55

Figure 15.61

56

IEEE 488 (GPIB) data transmission protocol

Figure 15.62

57

Digital data encoded for analog transmission

Figure 15.63

58

Modulated digital data for mobile telecommunication

CDMA Signal

TDMA Signal

59

Figure 15.63

EIA232 communication function and connector

types for a personal computer and modem. DCE
devices are sometimes called "Data
Communications Equipment" instead of Data
Circuit-terminating Equipment.

60

Communication of a terminal with timesharing computer using

MODEM
Figure 15.64

RS232C Communication with Modem

RS232C Communication without Modem

Format for Asynchronous Serial Data

61

Figure 15.64

62

RS-232C signal names and pin numbers

Figure 15.64

63

Description of RS-232 C Commonly-used Signals

Commonlyused signals

Description

Transmitted
Data (TxD)

Data sent from DTE to DCE.

Received
Data (RxD)

Data sent from DCE to DTE.

Request To
Send (RTS)

Asserted (set to 0) by DTE to prepare DCE to receive data. This may require action on
the part of the DCE, e.g. transmitting a carrier or reversing the direction of a halfduplex channel.

Ready To
Receive (RTR)

Asserted by DTE to indicate to DCE that DTE is ready to receive data. If in use, this
signal appears on the pin that would otherwise be used for Request To Send, and
the DCE assumes that RTS is always asserted.

Clear To
Send (CTS)

Asserted by DCE to acknowledge RTS and allow DTE to transmit. This signaling was
originally used with half-duplex modems and by slave terminals on multidrop lines:
The DTE would raise RTS to indicate that it had data to send, and the modem would
raise CTS to indicate that transmission was possible.

64

Commonlyused signals

Description

Data Terminal
Ready (DTR)

Asserted by DTE to indicate that it is ready to be connected. If the DCE is a modem, this may "wake
up" the modem, bringing it out of a power saving mode. This behaviour is
seen quite often in modern PSTN and GSM modems. When this signal is de-asserted, the modem
may return to its standby mode, immediately hanging up any calls in progress.

Data Set
Ready (DSR)

Asserted by DCE to indicate the DCE is powered on and is ready to receive commands or data for
transmission from the DTE. For example, if the DCE is a modem, DSR is asserted as soon as the
modem is ready to receive dialing or other commands; DSR is not dependent on the connection to the
remote DCE (see Data Carrier Detect for that function). If
the DCE is not a modem (e.g. a null modem cable or other equipment), this signal should be
permanently asserted (set to 0), possibly by a jumper to another signal.

Data Carrier
Detect (DCD)

Asserted by DCE when a connection has been established with remote equipment.

Ring Indicator
(RI)

Asserted by DCE when it detects a ring signal from the telephone line.

65

Figure 15.64

66

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Figure 15.66

67

USB 2.0 PCI Controller

Figure 15.67

68

Computer Networks
Figure 15.65

69

Concept of Internet Protocol Layer

TCP/IP stack operating on two hosts connected via two

routers and the corresponding layers used at each hop

Encapsulation of application data

descending through the protocol stack.

70

CAN bus line and Frame of CAN message

Figure 15.65

71

Frame format of CAN

Figure 15.65

* Identifier field is composed by 4bits function code and 7 bits node-id by CANopen protocol.

72

Communication objects

Length

Function code

Node ID

RTR

Data length

4 bits

7 bits

1 bit

4 bits

Data
0-8 bytes

Service Data Object (SDO) protocol

3 bits
ccs=1

1 bit
reserved(=0)

2 bits

1 bit

1 bit

2 bytes

index

1 byte
subindex

4 bytes
data

ccs is the client command specifier of the SDO transfer, this is 0 for SDO segment download, 1 for
initiating download, 2 for initiating upload, 3 for SDO segment upload and 4 for aborting an SDO
transfer
n is the number of bytes in the data part of the message which do not contain data, only valid if e
and s are set
e, if set, indicates an expedited transfer , i.e. all data exchanged are contained within the message.
If this bit is cleared then the message is a segmented transfer where the data does not fit into one
message and multiple messages are used.
s, if set, indicates that the date set size is specified in n (if e is set) or in the data part of the message
index is the object directory index of the data to be accessed
subindex is the subindex of the object directory variable
data contains the data to be uploaded in the case of an expedited transfer (e is set), or the size of
the data to be uploaded (s is set, e is not set)

Process Data Object (PDO) protocol

73

74

75

76