Solutions

By group 3:
Annisa Putri Said
Nur Muthmainnah
Sri Arwini Bahrun
Dien Aulia Bansu

Solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of ions or molecules of two
or more substances.
Two parts :
Solvent is the component that is in the largest quantity
Solute is the component that is dissolved in the solvent.
If one of the components of a solution is a liquid it is usually the
solvent.
If the solvent is water then the solution is identified as an
aqueous solution.

How To Make A Solution

Solute

Salt

Solvent

Water

Solution

Salt Solution

Concentration of Solute
The amount of solute in a solution is given
by its concentration.
Measurements :
Percentage
Molarity
Molality

Percentage (%)

Example

Percentage (%)

Example

Percent weight / volume

mass solute
volume solution

x 100

Example

Mole fraction

Example
In our glass of iced tea, we have added 3 tbsp of sugar
(C12H22O11). The volume of the tea (water) is 325 mL. What is
the mole fraction of the sugar in the tea solution?
(1 tbsp sugar 25 g)
First, we find the moles of both the solute and the solvent.
1 mol C12 H 22 O11
= 0.219 mol
342
g
C
H
O

12
22
11

75.g C12 H 22O11

1 mol H 2 O
= 18.1 mol
18.0 g H 2 O

325mL H 2 O

Next, we substitute the moles of both into the mole fraction equation.

sugar =

moles solute
0.219 mol sugar
=
total moles solution
(0.219 mol + 18.1 mol)

0.012

Concentration of Solution
Molarity
Molarity is calculated using the following equation:

What does this mean for you?

1.
2.
3.

Set-up these problems using dimensional analysis

If youre given grams, you have to convert grams to moles
If youre given mL, you have to convert mL to L

Example
NaCl

12.6 g of NaCl are dissolved in water making

344mL of solution. Calculate the molar
concentration.
moles solute
M=
L solution

1molNaCl

58.44 gNaCl
1L
solution
1000mL

12.6 g NaCl

344 mL

= 0.627 M NaCl

Concentration of Solution
Molality
Molality is calculated using the following equation:

Example

Parts Per Million

Many environmental samples contain trace amounts of
solute impurities and the concentration of these impurities
are reported in parts per million (ppm).
Parts per million means the number of milligrams of
substance dissolved in 1 liter of water. One ppm is the same
as a penny in 1 million cents. The EPA recommended limit
of lead in tap water is 0.015 ppm.

Example

Dilutions

Dilution
Add Solvent

Diluting Solutions
Often once you have made a stock
solution, you need to dilute it to a working
concentration.
To determine how to dilute the stock
solution, use the formula:
C concentration of stock
C1V1 = C2V2
C - concentration of diluted solution
1
2

V1 volume needed of stock

V2 final volume of dilution

Example
Container A holds a solution that is 80% alcohol while container B holds a solution that
is 20% alcohol. How many liters of the solution in container A are needed to produce 12
liters of a solution that is 60% alcohol?
Solution:
Let us use this equation:
C1V1 = C2V2
where C stands for concentration. It's a more general way to write the dilution equation.
(80) (x) + (20) (12 - x) = (60) (12)
80x + 240 - 20x = 720
60x = 480
x=8L
Notice that x is the volume of the 80% solution while 12 - x is the volume of the 20%
solution.

Any Question??