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Queuing Models
Single-Server Model
with Arbitrary Service Times
Used when the analyst has determined
that arrivals to the system are Poissondistributed but cannot accept the
hypothesis that service times are
distributed.
exponentially
The assumptions
of this model
are:
Poisson arrival process
Infinite calling population
Infinite queue
FCFS service discipline
Single server
The distribution of service time is
unknown, but it has a mean, 1/, and
a variance, 2. These parameters are
known.
Single-Server Model
with Arbitrary Service Times
Statistics to be determined:
Expected number of calling units in the
queue:L = (22 + 2) / [2 (1 )]
q
= /
Single-Server Model
with Arbitrary Service Times
Statistics to be determined
(cont.):
Expected time waiting in line:
Wq = Lq /
Example:
A savings and loan association is
opening a branch in a nearby suburb. This
branch is expected to need savings
counselors, but management wants to have
descriptive queuing statistics to confirm an
intuition that only one savings counselor is
actually necessary. Plans are to transfer one
savings counselor from the main office. Data
concerning this particular counselors time
spent with a customer have been collected,
but goodness-of-fit tests indicate that these
service times are not exponentially
distributed. It is further estimated that the
mean service time is 1/4 hour and variance is
1/6 hour2. Customers are expected to arrive in
a Poisson manner at a rate of two per hour.
= 2 customers/hr.
= 4 customers/hr.
2= 1/6 hr.2
Single-Server Model
with Arbitrary Service Times
Statistics to be determined:
Expected number of calling units in the
queue:L = (22 + 2) / [2 (1 )]
q
= 2 customers/hr.
= 4 customers/hr.
2= 1/6 hr.2
Lq = (22 + 2) / [2 (1 )]
Single-Server Model
with Arbitrary Service Times
Statistics to be determined:
Expected number of calling units in the
queue:L = (22 + 2) / [2 (1 )]
q
= /
= 2 customers/hr.
= 4 customers/hr.
2= 1/6 hr.2
Lq = (22 + 2) / [2 (1 )]
= /
= 2/4
= 1/2
= 2 customers/hr.
= 4 customers/hr.
2= 1/6 hr.2
= 1/2
Lq = (22 + 2) / [2 (1 )]
= (22) (1/6) + (1/2)2
2 (1 1/2)
= (4) (1/6) + (0.25)
2 (1/2)
= 0.916
1
= 0.916 customer
Single-Server Model
with Arbitrary Service Times
Statistics to be determined:
Expected number of calling units in the
queue:L = (22 + 2) / [2 (1 )]
q
= /
= 2 customers/hr.
= 4 customers/hr.
2= 1/6 hr.2
= 1/2
Lq = 0.916 customer
Ls = + Lq
= (1/2) +
0.916
= 1.416 customers
Single-Server Model
with Arbitrary Service Times
Statistics to be determined
(cont.):
Expected time waiting in line:
Wq = Lq /
= 2 customers/hr.
= 4 customers/hr.
2= 1/6 hr.2
= 1/2
Lq = 0.916 customer
Ls = 1.416
customers
W
=L /
q
= 0.916 / 2
= 0.453 hr.
= 27.5 min.
Single-Server Model
with Arbitrary Service Times
Statistics to be determined
(cont.):
Expected time waiting in line:
Wq = Lq /
= 2 customers/hr.
= 4 customers/hr.
2= 1/6 hr.2
= 1/2
Lq = 0.916 customer
Ls = 1.416
customers
W
= 27.5 min.
q
Ws = Wq + (1/)
= 0.453 + (1/4)
= 0.703 hr.
= 42.2 min.
Single-Server Model
with Arbitrary Service Times
Statistics to be determined
(cont.):
Expected time waiting in line:
Wq = Lq /
= 2 customers/hr.
= 4 customers/hr.
2= 1/6 hr.2
= 1/2
Lq = 0.916 customer
Ls = 1.416
customers
W
= 27.5 min.
q
Ws = Wq + (1/)
= 0.453 + (1/4)
= 0.703 hr.
= 42.2 min.
P(0) = 1 -
= 1 1/2
= 1/2
= 50%
Wqk =
i [(1/i)2 + i2]
i=1
where:
i = arrival rate of priority class i
i = service rate of priority class i
i2= variance in service time of priority
class i
Sk =
i < 1, k = 1, 2, , m
i=1
S0 = 0
Wq
k=1
k=1
Example:
Jobs to be run on a computer system
are
of two types and hence two different
priorities. Only one job can run at one
time. Both types of jobs arrive according to
a Poisson process, but service time
distributions are normal, with means of 1/12
hour and 1/4 hour. Variances for the two
priority classes are 1/12 (hour)2 and 1/24
(hour)2, respectively. Type I jobs arrive at a
rate of three per hour, and type II jobs arrive
at a rate of two per hour. What are the
applicable queuing statistics?
Type I (m = 2) Type II
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr.
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
Wqk =
i [(1/i)2 + i2]
i=1
where:
i = arrival rate of priority class i
i = service rate of priority class i
i2= variance in service time of priority
class i
Sk =
i < 1, k = 1, 2, , m
i=1
S0 = 0
Type I (m = 2) Type II
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr.
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
k = k / k
1 = 1 / 1
2 = 2 / 2
= 3/12
= 2/4
= 1/4
= 1/2
Sk =
i < 1, k = 1, 2, , m
i=1
S0 = 0
Type I (m = 2) Type II
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr.
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
1 = 1/4
2 = 1/2
k
Sk =
1
S1 =
i=1
i=1
= 1/4
S2 =
i=1
1
= + 2
= 1/4 + 1/2
= 3/4
Wqk =
i [(1/i)2 + i2]
i=1
where:
i = arrival rate of priority class i
i = service rate of priority class i
i2= variance in service time of priority
class i
Type I (m = 2) Type II
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr.
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
1 = 1/4
2 = 1/2
S1= 1/4
S2 = 3/4
m
Wqk =
i [(1/i)2 + 2i]
i=1
Wq1 =
i [(1/i)2 + 2i]
i=1
= {1 [(1/1)2 +
+ {2 [(1/2)2 + 22]}
21]}
2 (1 S0) (1 S1)
= {3 [(1/12)2 +
+ {2 [(1/4)2 + (1/24)]}
(1/12)]}
2 (1 0) (1 1/4)
Wqk =
i [(1/i)2 + 2i]
i=1
Wq1 =
i [(1/i)2 + 2i]
i=1
= {1 [(1/1)2 +
+ {2 [(1/2)2 + 22]}
21]}
2 (1 S0) (1 S1)
= {3 [(1/12)2 +
+ {2 [(1/4)2 + (1/24)]}
(1/12)]}
2 (1 0) (1 1/4)
= (3)(0.09027) + (2)
(0.10416) 2 (1) (3/4)
= 0.47916
1.5
= 0.3194 hr.
= 19.17 min.
Type I (m = 2) Type II
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr.
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
1 = 1/4
2 = 1/2
S1= 1/4
S2 = 3/4
Wq1 =
0.3194m
Wqk =
i [(1/i)2 + 2i]
i=1
Wq2 =
i [(1/i)2 + 2i]
i=1
Wqk =
i [(1/i)2 + 2i]
i=1
Wq1 =
i [(1/i)2 + 2i]
i=1
= {1 [(1/1)2 +
+ {2 [(1/2)2 + 22]}
21]}
2 (1 S0) (1 S1)
= {3 [(1/12)2 +
+ {2 [(1/4)2 + (1/24)]}
(1/12)]}
2 (1 0) (1 1/4)
= (3)(0.09027) + (2)
(0.10416) 2 (1) (3/4)
= 0.47916
1.5
= 0.3194 hr.
= 19.17 min.
Type I (m = 2) Type II
2
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr. Wq2 = i [(1/i)2 + 2i]
i=1
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
2(1 S2-1) (1 S2)
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
1 = 1/4
2 = 1/2
=
0.47916
S1= 1/4
S2 = 3/4
2 (1 1/4) (1 3/4)
Wq1 =
= 0.47916
0.3194
2 (3/4) (1/4)
= 0.47916
0.375
= 1.27 hrs.
= 1 hr. & 16.67
mins.
Type I (m = 2) Type II
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr.
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
1 = 1/4
2 = 1/2
S1= 1/4
S2 = 3/4
Wq1 =
Wq2 = 1.27
0.3194
Lqk = kWqk
Lq1 = 1Wq1
= (3) (0.3194)
= 0.9583
job
Lq2 = 2Wq2
= (2) (1.27)
= 2.5 jobs
Type I (m = 2) Type II
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr.
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
1 = 1/4
2 = 1/2
S1= 1/4
S2 = 3/4
Wq1 =
Wq2 = 1.27
0.3194
Lq1 = 0.9583 Lq2 = 2.5
Lsk = Lqk + k
Ls1 = Lq1 + 1
Ls2 = Lq2 + 2
= 0.9583 + (1/4)
= 2.5 + (1/2)
= 1.2083 jobs
= 3.05 jobs
Type I (m = 2) Type II
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr.
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
1 = 1/4
2 = 1/2
S1= 1/4
S2 = 3/4
Wq1 =
Wq2 = 1.27
0.3194
Lq1 = 0.9583 Lq2 = 2.5
Ls1 = 1.2083
Ls2 = 3.05
Wsk = Wqk + (1/k)
Ws1 = Wq1 + (1/1)
Ws2 = Wq2 + (1/2)
= 0.3194 + (1/12)
= 1.27 + (1/4)
= 0.4027 hr.
= 1.527 hrs.
= 24.17 mins.
= 1 hr. & 31.66
Wq
k=1
k=1
Type I (m = 2) Type II
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr.
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
1 = 1/4
2 = 1/2
S1= 1/4
S2 = 3/4
Wq1 =
Wq2 = 1.27
0.3194
Lq1 = 0.9583 Lq2 = 2.5
Ls1 = 1.2083
Ls2 = 3.05
Ws1 =
Ws2 = 1.527
0.4027
=
k k = 1
=
k k = 1
= 1 + 2
=3+2
=5
Wq
k=1
k=1
Type I (m = 2) Type II
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr.
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
1 = 1/4
2 = 1/2
S1= 1/4
S2 = 3/4
Wq1 =
Wq2 = 1.27
0.3194
Lq1 = 0.9583 Lq2 = 2.5
Ls1 = 1.2083
Ls2 = 3.05
Ws1 =
Ws2 = 1.527
0.4027
=5
Wq =
(k/) Wqk
k=1
2
(k/) Wqk
k=1
= (1/)Wq1 +
(2/)Wq2
= (3/5)
(0.3194)
+ (2/5)(1.27)
= 0.7027 hr.
= 42.17 mins.
Wq
k=1
k=1
Type I (m = 2) Type II
m
1 = 3 jobs/hr. 2 = 2 jobs/hr. Ws = (k/) Wsk
1=12 jobs/hr. 2=4 jobs/hr.
k=1
2
21=1/12 hr.2 22=1/24 hr.2
k
=
(
/)
W
k
s
1 = 1/4
2 = 1/2
k=1
S1= 1/4
S2 = 3/4
1
2
=
(
/)W
+
(
/)W
1
s
2
s
Wq1 =
Wq2 = 1.27
= (3/5)
1
2
0.3194
Lq = 0.9583 Lq = 2.5
(0.4027)
+ (2/5)
1
2
Ls = 1.2083
Ls = 3.05
(1.527)
=
0.8527 hr.
1
2
Ws =
Ws = 1.527
= 51.17 mins.
0.4027
=5
Wq = 0.7027 hr. or 42.17 mins.
Lq
[1 P(M)]
Expected time in the system:
Ws = Wq + (1/)
Example:
A basic programming course includes
a lab at which a student consultant is on
duty to help students debug their programs.
It can be assumed that no student will get in
line for help if there are three other students
waiting. Students arrive at the lab according
to a Poisson process at an average rate of
four per hour. Service times are
exponential, and the mean service time is
10 minutes. Because the class is large, an
infinite calling population can be assumed.
What are the applicable queuing statistics?
= 4
students/hr.
= 10
min./student
= 6 students/hr.
= 4
students/hr.
= 10
min./student
= 6 students/hr.
M = 4 students
P(0) =
1 (/)
1 - (/)M+1
= 1 (4/6)
1 - (4/6)4+1
=
2/6
=
1 - (4/6)5
0.33
0.86831276
= 0.38388625
= 38.39%
Lq
[1 P(M)]
Expected time in the system:
Ws = Wq + (1/)
= 4
students/hr.
= 10
min./student
= 6 students/hr.
M = 4 students
P(0) =
0.38388625
P(n) = P(0) (/)n
P(4) = P(0) (4/6)4
= 0.38388625 (0.19753086)
=
0.07582938
= 7.58%
= 4
students/hr.
= 10
min./student
= 6 students/hr.
M = 4 students
P(0) =
0.38388625
P(4) =
0.07582938
/
- (M + 1)(/)M+1
1 (/)1 - (/)M+1
=
4/6
- (4 + 1)(4/6)4+1
1 (4/6)
1 - (4/6)4+1
=
0.66
- (5)
(0.13168724)
0.33
0.8683127
5
= 1.24170617
students
Ls =
= 4
students/hr.
= 10
min./student
= 6 students/hr.
M = 4 students
P(0) =
0.38388625
P(4) =
L0.07582938
= 1.24170617
s
students
Lq = Ls + P(0) 1
= 1.24170617 + 0.38388625
10.62559242
=
student
Lq
[1 P(M)]
= 4
students/hr.
= 10
min./student
= 6 students/hr.
M = 4 students
P(0) =
0.38388625
P(4) =
L0.07582938
= 1.24170617
s
students
Lq = 0.62559242
student
Wq =
Lq
[1 P(M)]
=
0.62559242
4[1 0.07582938)]
= 0.62559242
3.69668248
= 0.16923077
hr.10.15
=
Lq
[1 P(M)]
Expected time in the system:
Ws = Wq + (1/)
= 4
students/hr.
= 10
min./student
= 6 students/hr.
M = 4 students
P(0) =
0.38388625
P(4) =
L0.07582938
= 1.24170617
s
students
Lq = 0.62559242
Wstudent
q = 0.16923077
hr. = 10.15
minutes
Ws = Wq + (1/)
= 0.16923077 +
(1/6)
= 0.16923077 +
(0.16)
= 0.33589744 hr.
= 20.15 minutes