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Approach to patient with heart

disease

Marshell Tendean, MD, DPCP


Dept of Internal Medicine
UKRIDA University-Jakarta

Objective :
Indentify common cardiac problem
Understand approach in patient with heart

disease
Able to formulate complete cardiac
diagnosis
Understand basic ECG
Unterstand ECG in ACS patient
Understand acute coronary syndrome
Test case

Heart disease
Global burden
Mostly identify as CHD Atherosclerotic

heart disease
Other common cardiac problem:
Congenital heart disease
Valvular heart disease
Arrhytmias
Tumor of the heart
Misc.

Approach to disease :
Good history
Proper physical examination :
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation

Accurate diagnostics:
Non invasive
Invasive

History :
Identify complaints spesific to heart disease :

Dyspnea.
Chest pain.

Not always
represents
coronary
heart

Dyspnea :
Dyspnea
during
exercise.
Ortopnea

Anginal
equivalen
t.

Inspection :
Posture
Ictus cordis

Palpation (using palm of the hand) :


Heave
Lift
Ictus cordis

Percussion :
Identify cardiac borders

Auscultation :
Identify normal heart sound.
Identify cardiac mur-mur.
Identify split.
Identify click.
Identify opening snap.
Identify extrasystole.
Identify gallop

Understand projections :
Normal heart sound :
M1 > M2 at apex (mitral / tricuspid)
M2 > M1 at base (aortic / pumonal)

Mur2 :
Systolic mur2 (Occurs prior to 1st heart

sound)
Diastolic mur2 (Occurs after 1st heart sound)

Mur2 Cont :
Things to consider:
Differentiate it with venous hum.
Amplitudes (Grade).
Radiation.

Systolic mur2 : MR, TR, AS, PS, ASD, VSD


Diastolic mur2 : MS, TS, AR, PR
Continous mur2 : PDA

Cresendo.
Decresendo.
Cresendo-decresendo.

Spit:
Commonly seen in normal people.
Identified spesifically in pulmonary stenosis.

Opening snap :
Incomplete opening of the valve.
Identified in MS

Click :
Determines artificial or metal valve.

Gallop :
Gallop S3.
Gallop S4 (Spesifically pathognomonic for heart

failure).

Special ancilary procedures


Echocardiography
Cardiac MRI
Cardiac CT scan
PET scan
Stress test.
Ambulatory BP monitoring
24 h. holter monitoring.

Dasar & Sistematika Pembacaan


EKG

Dr. Todung D A Silalahi, SpPD-KKV,FINASIM


Division of Cardiovascular, Department of
Internal Medicine Faculty of UKRIDA, Jakarta
2012

Elektrokardiogram (EKG)

ECG as done

Is a recording

by Willem Einthoven
of electrical activity of heart conducted thru
ions in body to surface

Normal conduction pathway


SA node -> atrial muscle -> AV node ->

bundle of His -> Left and Right Bundle


Branches -> Ventricular muscle

Arah Defleksi
Arah impuls
Menuju Elektroda
(positif)

Arah defleksi
Ke atas (positif)

Menjauhi Elektroda
(negatif)

Ke bawah
(negatif)

Menuju kemudian
menjauhi Elektroda

Bifasik

Systematic arrangement for ECG


reading
Rate
Rhythm
Axis
Chamber enlargement
Ischemia or infarct
AV-Block
LBBB, RBBB

GELOMBANG P
Menggambarkan aktivitas depolarisasi atrium
kanan dan
kiri ( dari kanan ke kiri dan ke bawah )
Karakteristik EKG :
Arah gelombang P normal :
Selalu positif di II dan selalu negatif di aVR.
Tinggi : kurang dari 3 mm (2,5 mm)
Durasi ( lebar ): kurang dari 3 mm (0,10
detik)
Kepentingan :
1. Menandakan adanya aktivitas atrium
2. Menunjukkan arah aktivitas atrium
3. Menunjukkan tanda-tanda hipertrofi
atrium

GELOMBANG Q
DEFLEKSI KE BAWAH YANG PERTAMA KOMPLEKS QRS

Menggambarkan awal dari fase depolarisasi


ventrikel.
Ciri-ciri gelombang Q patologis :
1. Lebarnya sama atau lebih dari 0,04 detik (1
mm)
2. Dalamnya lebih dari 25% amplitudo
gelombang R
Kepentingan :
. Menunjukkan adanya nekrosis miokard
(infark miokard)
Gelombang Q pada sandapan aVR : normal

GELOMBANG R

Adalah defleksi positif pertama


kompleks QRS
Menggambarkan fase depolarisasi ventrikel
Nilai normal
: akan dibahas dalam bagian
tentang hipertrofi
Bentuk normal : akan dibahas dalam
bagian
tentang B.B.B
Abnormal :
1. Menandakan adanya hipertrofi ventrikel
2. Menandakan adanya tanda-tanda B.B.B
3. Dan lain-lain

GELOMBANG S
adalah defleksi negatif sesudah
gelombang R
Menggambarkan fase depolarisasi
ventrikel
Nilai normal
: akan dibahas dalam
bagian
tentang hipertrofi
Bentuk normal : akan dibahas dalam
bagian
B.B.B
Kepentingan : hampir sama dengan
gelombang R

GELOMBANG T
Menggambarkan fase repolarisasi ventrikel
Arah normal :
. Sesuai dengan arah gelombang utama kompleks
QRS
. Positif di sandapan II
Amplitudo normal :
< 10 mm di sandapan dada
< 5 mm di sandapan ekstremitas
Minimum 1 mm
Abnormal :
1. Menandakan adanya iskemia/ infark
2. Menandakan adanya kelainan elektrolit

GELOMBANG U
Asal usulnya tidak diketahui dan paling
jelas
terlihat di sandapan dada V1 - V4
Normal :
. kurang dari 2 mm
. Selalu lebih kecil dari gelombang T di
sandapan II
Abnormal :
Bila amplitudo U > 2 mm atau >T,
menandakan adanya hipokalemia
Gelombang U yang terbalik terdapat pada
iskhemia dan hipertrofi

EKG PADA
HIPOKALEMIA

INTERVAL PR

Menggambarkan waktu mulai dari depolarisasi


atria sampai onset depolarisasi ventrikel
Adalah jarak antara permulaan gelombang P
sampai dengan permulaan kompleks QRS
Nilai normal interval PR ditentukan oleh frekuensi
jantung, bila denyut jantung lambat maka interval
PR akan menjadi lebih panjang.
Batas normal : 0,12 0,20 detik ( tergantung heart
rate )
Kepentingan :
1. Interval PR < 0,12 detik : terdapat pada keadaan
hantaran dipercepat (sindrom W.P.W)
2. Interval PR > 0,20 detik : terdapat pada blok AV
3. Interval PR berubah-ubah : terdapat pada
Wandering-pacemaker

INTERVAL QRS
menggambarkan lamanya aktivitas depolarisasi
ventrikel
.
.
.

Jarak antara permulaan gelombang Q sampai


akhir gelombang S
Nilai normal < 0,12 detik
Abnormal :
- BBB
- Hiperkalemia
- Konduksi ventrikel aberans
- Preeksitasi ventrikel
- Aritmia ventrikel

INTERVAL QT
. Jarak antara permulaan gelombang Q sampai
.
.

dengan akhir gelombang T


Menggambarkan lamanya aktivitas depolarisasi
dan repolarisasi ventrikel.
Nilai interval QT dipengaruhi oleh frekuensi
jantung, dan batas-batas normalnya dapat dilihat
dalam tabel/kurva.
Interval QT c (corrected QT interval) adalah nilai
interval QT yang telah dikoreksi/ disesuaikan
dengan interval QT pada frekuensi jantung 60 kali
per menit, dan nilainya dapat ditentukan dengan
sebuah NOMOGRAM.
Abnormal :
- Memanjang : kuinidin, hipokalsemia

EKG DAN KADAR KALSIUM

V.A.T.
= Ventricular Activation Time = defleksi
Intrinsik
Jarak antara permulaan gelombang Q ke puncak

gelombang R
Menggambarkan waktu yang diperlukan oleh
impuls untuk menyebar dari permukaan dalam
ventrikel (endokard) ke permukaan luar ventrikel
(epikard).
Nilai normal :
di V1 V2 < 0,03 detik
di V5 V6 < 0,05 detik
Kepentingan :
V.A.T yang memanjang terdapat pada B.B.B,
hipertrofi
ventrikel dan lain-lain.

TITIK J ( = RS T JUNCTION)
Adalah titik di mana kompleks QRS berakhir
dan segmen ST dimulai.
Kepentingan :
Sebagai titik pegangan untuk menentukan
adanya deviasi segmen ST

SEGMENT)

Mulai titik J sampai permulaan


gelombang T
Normal : isoelektris (boleh berkisar antara
-0,5 mm
sampai +2 mm)
Kepentingan :
1. Elevasi segmen ST terdapat pada :
- Infark miokard - perikarditis
- Aneurisma
- dan lain-lain
2. Depresi segmen ST terdapat pada :
- Angina pektoris - ventricular strain
- Efek digitalis - dan lain-lain

Determining the Heart Rate


Rule of 300
10 Seconds Rule

Rule of 300
Take the number of big boxes between
neighboring QRS complexes, and divide this
into 300. The result will be approximately
equal to the rate
Although fast, this method only works for
regular rhythms.

What is the heart rate?

www.uptodate.com

(300 / 6) = 50
bpm

What is the heart rate?

www.uptodate.com

(300 / ~ 4) = ~ 75
bpm

Ischemic Heart Disease


Is most commonly due to atherosclerosis in

coronary arteries
Ischemia occurs when blood supply to
tissue is deficient,Causes increased lactic
acid from anaerobic metabolism
Often accompanied by angina pectoris
(chest pain)
Levine Sign Classic sign for anginal pain

Ischemic Heart Disease


Detectable by changes in S-T segment of ECG
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a heart attack

Diagnosed by high levels of Troponin I or T, CKMB,


creatine phosphate (CPK) & lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH)

13-79

Acute coronary sydrome :

Noted as cardiovascular

emergency.
Classification :
UNSTABLE Angina
NSTEMI
STEMI

Symptoms suggest Unstable


angina:
Symptoms related with angina :
Recent onset Chest pain left sided (may

radiate to epigastrium, left arm, left scapula).


Triggered by stress
Persist more than 15 minutes and / or not
relieved by rest and /or nitrates
Cresendo
Diaphoresis
Dyspnea

Physical examination :
Systematic head to toe approach
Relates to complications :
Heart failure.
Soft S1, cardiac mur-mur
Rhales
Increased JVP
Edema of the extremities
Cardiac arrhytmias.
Irregular heart Rhythm

Diagnostic workups !

Treatment Approach :

Treatment Aproach UAP


NSTEMI
Conservative

Agresive

Given in all cases :

Anti Platelet

(double anti
platelet
recommended)
B-Blockers
ACE/ARB
Heparin / LWMH
Statin
Morfine

Done in selected cases :

Heart failure.
Patient

unresponsive with
conservative
treatment

Reperfusion :
Indicated in STEMI :
Thrombolytic treatment
Stretokinases.
Atleptase.
PCI (< 12 Hours, >12 Hours)
CABG :
Patient with 3 vessels disease
Patient with 2 vessels disease and had diabetes

Prognosis :

Anatomic Groups
(Summary)

INFARK INFERIOR AKUT

INFARK ANTERIOR LUAS AKUT

INFARK ANTERIOR LUAS AKUT

INFARK LATERAL AKUT

INFARK ANTEROSEPTAL AKUT

INFARK ANTEROSEPTAL AKUT

IMA NON ST ELEVASI

Angina Pektoris Tak Stabil

Cardiac diagnosis :
Etiology
Anatomy
Physiology
Functional class.

Test Case :
Case 1. Mrs A. 40 Yo F.
cc: Dyspnea.
History of: reccurent throat infection, (-)

hypertension or diabetes.
PE:
Edema of the extremities.
Diastolic rumble 3/6 at apex.
Systolic mur2 at 4th ICS, midsternal line

radiating to base (2/6).

Test Case :
Case 1. Mrs A. 40 Yo F.
cc: Dyspnea.
History of: reccurent throat infection, (-)

hypertension or diabetes (+).


PE:
Vesicular BS, both basal rales
Systolic mur2 at 6th ICS, LAAL (4/6) radiating to back.
Edema of the extremities..

Diagnostics :
ECG : STEMI
Troponin I (+)

WD : /

Atherosclerotic HD, MR,


LVH Sinus, Killips III

Auscultatory findings include a loud S1 caused by

the leaflets of a stenotic mitral valve closing


abruptly (M1); it is heard best at the apex.
A normally split S2 with an exaggerated P2 due to

pulmonary hypertension is also heard.


Most prominent is an early diastolic opening snap as
the leaflets billow into the LV, which is loudest close
to left lower sternal border; it is followed by a lowpitched decrescendo-crescendo rumbling diastolic
murmur, heard best with the bell of the stethoscope
at the apex at end-expiration when the patient is in
the left lateral decubitus position.
The opening snap may be soft or absent if the mitral
valve is calcified; the snap moves closer to S

Test case 2:
Case 1. Mr A. 30 Yo M.
cc: Dyspnea.
History of: (-)reccurent throat infection , (-)

hypertension or diabetes, (+) growth


retardation.
PE:
Bp: 80 /30 mmHg
Edema of the extremities.
Diastolic mur2 at base radiates downwards.
Waterhamer pulse.
Quincke pulse

The Fear of Lord is the beginning of

knowlegge
Prof 1:7.

Terima kasih

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