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weathering of rock
Physical weathering
Agents ( )
Exfoliation( )
Unloading ( )
Erosion
Freezing
thawing
chemical weathering
Agents( )
hydration( )
hydrolyzation
oxidation
carbonation ( )
dissolution
Soil Formation
Transportation
in situ weathering
Residual soil
Transported soil
Evaluation of Gradation
Uniformity
content
Cu = d60 / d10
Diameter (mm)
d10
0.01
0.005
d30
0.10
0.05
d60
0.001
Sample A
1.0
0.5
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
5.0
P finer
Uniformity Coefficient
( )
coefficient of curvature :
Cc = d302 / (d60 d10 )
Cu> 7; Cc= 0.5
For well-graded soils, Cc= 1~3, graded
continuously( )
As Cc 1 0r Cc 3 graded with discontinuity
,
.
Capillary water
Strong bonded water
Weak bonded water
Soil
Vv=e
V=1+e
Vs=1
emax e
( d d min ) d max
Dr
Dr = 1
densest
Dr = 0
loosest
Dr 1/3
loose
Deform
without
visible crack
volume
Flows like a
viscous liquid
Visible crack
appear
solid
Semi-solid
WSL
plastic
WPL
liquid
WLL
water content
lower strength
plastic index
I p L p
the ability of absorbing bonded water, extent of
cohesion, content of clay particle
an effective index used for soil classification of fine
grained soils.
plastic index
I p L p
Ip indicates the ability of absorbing bonded
water, extent of cohesion, content of clay particle
Ip is an effective index used for soil classification of fine
grained soils.
Liquidity index
IL
Hard state
IL<0
IL=0 ~ 1 Plastic state
Fluid state
IL>1
w wp
wL wp
0.00 ~ 0.25 hard plastic
0.25 ~ 0.75 Plastic
0.75 ~ 1.00 soft plastic
Hard state
wp
wL
h
Q kA
L
(1)
Q kAi
(2)
Or:
Q
v ki
A
where i = h/L
v = Q/A
(2)
(2)
X
H
Q kA
T
L
(1)
XL
k
AHT
(2)
Soil
sample
XL
k
AHT
(2)
Example:
Known: T=20s, X=30cm3, L=10cm, H=5cm,
A=25cm2
XL
30 10
k
0.12 cm / s
AHT 25 5 20
v 0.0013
1.08 10 5 cm/s
i
1.2
Exercise 2:
(h Z ) A 0m
(h p ) A 0.3 2 1 3.3m
H A 0 3.3 3.3m
k1 2k 2
k H
j
k equiv =
J=1
k equiv =
H
n
H /k
j
J=1
46m
14m
q
q
q
G
B
C
F
soil
0
0
(1) Calculate pore pressure
for any point in flow net
h=14/7=2m
HA=44m,HB=43m,HC=42m
HD=40m,HE=38, HF=36m,HG=34m
(2) Calculate Q
if q= 5m3/s
then Q=4q=20m3/s
How to calculate q?
Calculation of pore
pressure
15 m
5m
Phreatic line
POTENTIAL LINE
h = 15m
h=0
h = 12m
FLOW LINE
h = 9m
h = 6m
h = 3m
uw
h
z
w
u w [12 (5)] w 17 w
(11a)
(11b)
Hydraulic fracturing
Flowing soil
soil piping
= ' + u
'= u
u
'
'
i i cr
- Flowing soil condition
w
soil
No overburden weight
p
i cr Flowing soil condition
dependant on effective
soil
-stress
'
i
v = z - wiz w z
w
'
so, i cr
w
'
'
'
- Flowing soil condition
i i cr
w
h2
h1
L
z
X
soil
i 1
di i
v u
'
v
K 0
'
h
'
v
h K 0 v ??
Strain state
y x 0;
xy yz zx 0
sA sB
32
Super structure
base
foundation
Sand soil
Clay soil
elastic stress
saddle
parabolic
inverse bell
34
(1) e - p curve
e
e: dimensionless variable
1.0
example
0.9
Compression coefficient:
e
a= p
(4)
P
ES = Z
(5)
0.7
0.6
Confined compression
modulus:
0.8
100
p (kPa)
P
ES = Z
(5)
e
becaus z
1 e0
e
(1+e0 )p 1+e0
ES =
e
a
- v - z
1
a
mv
p
p
E s 1 e0
(6)
(7)
a1-2 (MPa-1)
High
compressive soil
0.5
medium
compressive soil
0.1-0.5
low compressive
soil
0.1
1
OCC
OCC
Cc
1 C
e
NCC
log (p)
z ,t u z ,t
B
M
for a point
U z ,t
z ,t
U z ,t
u z ,t
z z u z , t
1
z
z
z
Uz,t=0 1
SABCE
Ut
SABCE
dz 1 u dz
dz
dz
0
z ,t
z ,t
40
SABCE
Ut
SABCE
St
Ut
S
dz 1 u dz
dz
dz
0
z ,t
z ,t
St U t S
St Ut
Ut uz.t
41
42
M max M 1 M 2
D 3
M 1 2 fh 2r rdr
fh
6
0
D
M 2 DH fv
2
D/2
fh fv
M max
M1
D
D H
M1 M 2
f
f
6
2
f
M2
M max
D 2 D
( H)
2
3
43
1 - 3
1 - 3
(
)
f c tan
f tan
sive nt
e
h
co pone
com
frictional
compone
nt
1 3
2
f c tan
c
O
1 3
c ctg
2
1 3
1 3
2
sin
1 3
1 3 2c ctg
c ctg
2
Example
A soil, c=10kPa, =240. Point M is at the state of
1 =300kPa, 3 =150kPa.
(1) M failure or not?
(2) The value of 1 for soil failure at 3 =300kPa.
Solution:
1 f
3tg 45 2c tg
45
2
2
24
24
2
=150tg 45 2 10 tg
45
2
=386.5kPa > 1 300kPa
2
CD
Consolidated Drained Triaxial test (CD)
cd d c
CU
Consolidated Undrained Triaxial test (CU)
ccu cu
UU
Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial test (UU)
cu u cuu uu
Applications in engineering
Clay soil, Unconsolidated, quick surcharge.
UU
Sr<100%
Sr>100% (impossible)
All compaction points should lie
to the left of ZAV curve
51
Water content
E2 (>E1)
E1
52
Water content
Compaction Control
-a systematic exercise where you check
at regular intervals whether the
compaction was done to specifications.
e.g., 1 test per
1000 m3 of
compacted soil
Minimum
Minimumdry
drydensity
density
Range
Rangeofofwater
watercontent
content