Data Transmission and

Line Coding

Dr. Tuhina Samanta

BEIT, 4th Semester

Digital Data, Digital Signal

Digital signal
Discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
Each pulse is a signal element
Binary

data encoded into signal elements

BEIT, 4th Semester

Line Coding

BEIT, 4th Semester

Line Coding
Unipolar
All

signal elements have same sign

Polar
One

logic state represented by positive voltage the other

by negative voltage

Data rate
Rate

of data transmission in bits per second

Duration or length of a bit

Time

taken for transmitter to emit the bit

BEIT, 4th Semester

Terms
Modulation rate
Rate at which the signal level changes
Measured in baud = signal elements per second

Mark and Space

Binary

1 and Binary 0 respectively

BEIT, 4th Semester

Requirements of Encoding Schemes

Signal Spectrum
Lack

of high frequencies reduces required bandwidth

Lack of dc component allows ac coupling via transformer,
providing isolation
Concentrate power in the middle of the bandwidth

Clocking
Synchronizing transmitter

and receiver

External

clock
Sync mechanism based on signal
BEIT, 4th Semester

Requirements of Encoding Schemes

Error detection
Can be built in

to signal encoding

Signal interference and noise immunity

Transparency to

1s and 0s.
Some codes are better than others

Cost and complexity

Higher signal

rate (& thus data rate) lead to

higher costs

BEIT, 4th Semester

Encoding Schemes (Line

Coding)

Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)

Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
Bipolar -AMI
Pseudoternary
Manchester
Differential Manchester
B8ZS
HDB3
BEIT, 4th Semester

Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)

Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits

Voltage constant during bit interval
no transition i.e. no return to zero voltage

Line Coding
Absence of voltage for zero, constant positive voltage for one
More often, negative voltage for one value and positive for

the other

Alternately called NRZ-L

BEIT, 4th Semester

NRZ

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NRZ pros and cons

Pros
Easy

to engineer
Make good use of bandwidth

Cons
dc component
Lack

of synchronization capability

Used for magnetic recording

Not often used for signal transmission
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RZ Line Codes
Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
Transition return to zero voltage within a bit interval
1

0
ON-OFF(RZ)

POLAR (RZ)

BIPOLAR (RZ)
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Power Spectral Density (Polar-RZ)

Let R() time correlation function of pulse
train.
ak be pulse amplitude.
R0 time average of square of the pulse
amplitude, (correlation of ak with ak
,autocorrelation)
ltN (1/N)k ak2 = ltN (N)/(N) = 1
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Power Spectral Density (Polar-RZ)

R1 = multiply ak and ak+1th pulse. (correlation
between ak and ak+1)
Possible bit combinations 00, 01, 10, 11
R1 ltN(1/N) [ (N/2)(1) + (N/2)(-1) ] = 0
All Rn = 0, n 1

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PSD expression
PSD Sx( ) is Fourier transform of Autocorrelation
1
Rx( )
Rx ( )
Rn ( nTb )
Tb

1
S x ( ) ( R0 2 Rn cos( nTb ))
Tb
n 1

assuming R() is even function of .

PSD of the resulting line code is,

2

| P ( ) |

S y ( ) | P ( ) | S x ( )
( R0 2n 1 Rn cos(nTb ))
Tb
2

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PSD of Polar Signaling

For polar coding let p(t) be a rectangular pulse
of width Tb/2.
T /2.
p(t)
t
2t
Then,
p (t ) rect (
) rect ( )
Tb / 2
Tb
Therefore,
T
T
T
b

P( )

sin c(

PSD of polar signaling is,

| P( ) | 2
| P ( ) | 2 Tb
2 Tb
S y ( )
R0
sin c (
)
Tb
Tb
4
4
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Properties of Polar (RZ) Coding

If Tb is pulse duration with pulse
width Tb/2 then bandwidth is 2Rb.
With pulse width Tb bandwidth is
Rb.
Power Efficient.
Clock extraction is easier.
Essential bandwidth requirement
2Rb not bandwidth efficient -4R
No error detection-correction
capabilities
At = 0, PSD is present, i.e. no
d.c. null
BEIT, 4th Semester

PSD

-2Rb

17

2Rb

4Rb

Power Spectral Density

BIPOLAR (RZ)

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Bipolar Coding
R0 = ltN(1/N) [((N/2)(1)2 + ((N/2)(0)) ]
=
R1 = ltN (1/N) [((N/4) (-1)) + ((3N/4)(0))]
= -1/4
R2 = ltN(1/N) [ (N/8)(1) +(N/8)(-1) + (3N/4)(0)]
=0
Remaining terms are zero. Rn = 0 for n > 1
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PSD Expression
For half width pulse, PSD of bipolar line coding is,

| P ( ) |2
S y ( )
[ R0 2 Rn cos( nTb )]
Tb
n 1

| P ( ) | 1

[ 2 R1 cos(Tb ) 0 ...]
Tb
2
2

| P ( ) |2
| P ( ) |2 2 Tb

[1 cos Tb ]
sin (
)
2Tb
2Tb
2
Tb
2 Tb
2 Tb
sin c (
) sin (
)
4
4
2
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Properties of Bipolar (RZ) Coding

D.C. null exists

Lesser bandwidth
Single error
detection possible

Twice as much
power as polar
signal
Not transparent to
long 0s and 1s

PSD

BEIT, 4th Semester

Rb
21

2Rb

Comparative Study
PSD
P()
Bipolar
Split phase

Polar

Rb
= 2/Tb
BEIT, 4th Semester

2Rb
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Multilevel Binary
Use more than two levels

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Bipolar-AMI and Pseudoternary

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 Bipolar-AMI
zero represented by

no line signal
one represented by positive or negative pulse
one pulses alternate in polarity
No loss of sync if a long string of ones (zeros
still a problem)
No net dc component
Lower bandwidth
Easy error detection
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Exercise
Draw Manchester, Differential Manchester
line coding, and High Density Bipolar
Coding.
Calculate PSD for pseudoternary and on-off
signaling

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High Density Bipolar Coding

Used to eliminate nontransparency in bipolar signal
HDBN coding with N = 1,2,3...
Popular choice of N is 3; with 000V and B00V as
special sequences
B=1 conforms to bipolar rule; V=1 violates bipolar rule
Sequence B00V is used when there is an even number
of 1s following the last sequence, and sequence 000V is
used when there is an odd number of 1s following the
last sequence
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High Density Bipolar Coding

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Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

Pulse sent every Tb sec.
Spreading of a pulse beyond Tb will cause
interference with neighboring pulses ISI.
Nyquist Criterion for zero ISI,

= 1 for t = 0
p(t)

= 0 for t = nTb
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Pulse satisfying Nyquist Criterion

p(t)
1
P()

-Rb

Rb

-3/Rb -2/Rb -1/Rb

for t = 0

for t = nTb

p(t) = sinc(R bt) =

BEIT, 4th Semester

1/Rb

2/Rb

P ( )
rect (
)
Rb
2Rb
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Pulse satisfying Nyquist Criterion

Sinc pulse decays too slowly (as 1/t)
Pulse satisfying Nyquist criteria should
decay faster than 1/t
Such pulse requires bandwidth kRb/2, with
1 k 2

BEIT, 4th Semester

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Roll-off factor
P()

The b.w. of the spectrum

shown aside is b/2 + x
Roll-off factor (r) = excess
bandwidth/theoretical
minimum bandwidth
= 2 x/ b
0 r 1

Tb

Tb /2

b/2
x

b
x

Let theoretical minimum b.w.

Rb/2 Hz
Then, BT = (Rb/2) + (rRb/2)
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 Raised Cosine function:

cos(Rb t )
p( t ) Rb
sin c(Rb t )
2 2
1 4 Rb t

|P()|
1

The characteristic is also

called full-cosine-roll off
characteristic.
0
Decays as 1/t3
The time domain representation
is (taking inverse Fourier Transform),
1

P ( ) (1 cos
)rect (
)
2
2 Rb
4Rb

2
cos (
)rect (
)
4 Rb
4Rb
[Ref. B.P.Lathi, Ch. 7]

BEIT, 4th Semester

2Tb

x = 0
x = b/4
x = b/2

p(t)

-Tb 33

Tb

2Tb

Problems
1) A baseband signal of frequency 5kHz.is applied to a
product modulator together with a carrier wave of
1MHz. The modulator output is next applied to a
resonant circuit tuned to 50Hz. Determine the
modulated output signal.
2) For tone modulation with amplitude modulation
index = 1 and 0.5 and baseband signal m(t) =
Bcos( mt) draw the waveforms of amplitude
modulated signals both in time and frequency
domain.
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