Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dated: 14-Jan--2016
Contents:
Geological Terrain Data
Water Pipeline Design
contd
Comparison b/w Oil and Water Pipeline
Natural Gas Pipeline Design
Geological Terrain:
GEOLOGICAL TERRAIN
600
500
400
Elevation300
(m)
200
100
0
0
200
400
600
Distance [km]
Elevation [m] Vs Distance [km]
800
1000
1200
Atmospheric
Conditions
Fluid Properties
Properties
Value
Unites
Max Rate
0.081
m3/s
Min Rate
0.058
m3/s
Avg. Rate
0.069
m3/s
Delivery Pressure
Bar
Temperature
Variation
10-50
Atmospheric
Pressure
Atm
Density*
1000
Kg/m3
0.001
Pa.s
Design Parameters
Parameters
Units
Min Value
Max Value
Flow Velocity
m/s
0.4
1.5
Diameter
0.22
0.51
mm
273
273
323
323
355
406
457
508
Thickness
mm
9.30
7.10
9.50
8.40
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
Inside
Diameter
mm
255
259
305
307
337
387
438
489
Design Procedure
)
mm
273.1
273.1
323.9
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
mm
9.30
7.10
9.50
8.40
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
mm
255
259
305
307
337
387
438
489
Bar
98
83
85
75
77
68
60
54
Velocity
Reynold's
number (Re)
m/s
1.4
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
2.9E+05
2.9E+05
2.6E+05
2.3E+05
2.0E+05
1.8E+05
Roughness (d)*
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Relative
rougness (e)
1.8E-04
1.7E-04
1.5E-04
1.5E-04
1.3E-04
1.2E-04
1.0E-04
9.2E-05
0.0158
0.0158
0.0159
0.0159
0.0160
0.0162
0.0164
0.0166
P/L**
Pa/m
63.7
58.5
26.0
25.1
15.9
8.0
4.4
2.6
Maximum
Allowable
Pressure
3.5E+05 3.4E+05
Pressure Profile
Pressure Profi le for Stainless Steel Pipe Dia(m) Range
100
0.255
0.259
0.305
0.307
0.337
0.387
0.438
0
-100
-200
-300
Pressure (bar)
-400
-500
-600
-700
0
200
400
600
Distance (km)
800
1000
100
50
Pressure (bar)
-50
-100
-150
200
400
600
Distance (km)
800
1000
Bar
10
Max Temperature
50
Vapor Pressure
Bar
0.12 @ 50C
Safety Factor
Bar
0.6
Inside Diameter
mm
337
387
438
489
Maximum Allowable
Pressure
Bar
77
68
60
54
Safety Factor
0.930
0.930
0.930
0.930
Maximum Allowable
Pressure with SF
72
63
56
50
Diameter: 0.337 m
Pressure Profile without Pump
100
Pmin
Pmax
50
0
-50
Pressure (bar)
-100
-150
-200
-250
200
400
600
Distance (km)
800
1000
Diameter: 0.337 m
px (bar) @min rate
Valve
70.0
Valve
Valve
80.0
60.0
Valve
Valve
50.0 (bar)
Pressure
40.0
30.0
20.0
400.0
Pum
p
600.0
Distance(km)
Pum
p
200.0
Pum
p
0.0
0.0
Pum
p
10.0
800.0
1000.0
Delivery
1200.0
Diameter: 0.387 m
Pressure Profile without pump
80
60
40
20
0
Pressure
-20(bar)
-40
-60
-80
-100
0
200
400
600
Distance (km)
800
1000
Diameter: 0.387 m
Valve
65.0
Pmin
55.0
Valve
Pressure
(bar)
45.0
Valve
35.0
25.0
15.0
Delivery
200.0
Pum
p
-5.0
0.0
Pum
p
5.0
400.0
600.0
Distance(km)
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
Diameter: 0.438 m
Pressure Profile without Pumps
70
Pmin
60
50
40
30
20
Pressure (bar)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
0
200
400
600
Distance (km)
800
1000
Diameter: 0.438 m
Pressure Profile with pump
60.0
Pmin
Valve
Valve
50.0
40.0
Pmax
30.0
Pressure
(bar)
20.0
10.0
Deliver
y
0.0
200.0
400.0
Pum
p
0.0
600.0
Distance(km)
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
Diameter: 0.489 m
Pressure Profile without pump
px (bar) @avg rate
Pmin
Pmax
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
Pressure (bar)
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
200
400
600
Distance(km)
800
1000
Diameter: 0.489 m
60.0
Pressure
Profile with
pump
px (bar) @min rate
px (bar) @max rate
Pmin
Pmax
50.0
Valve
40.0
30.0
Pressure (bar)
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
Deliver
y
200.0
400.0
600.0
Distance(km)
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
60.0
Pmin
Valve
Valve
50.0
40.0
Pmax
30.0
Pressure
(bar)
20.0
10.0
0.0
200.0
400.0
Pum
p
0.0
Deliver
y
600.0
Distance(km)
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
360 km
28.5 Bar
18.9 Bar
360 km
5.5 Bar
5.5 Bar
P in Valve(for Qmax)
2.8 Bar
Cvn
849.2
90%
25%
Cv
764.3
212.3
2.8
bar
18.7
bar
Maximum Rate
Rate (m3/s)
0.058
0.081
Rate (gpm)
917.264
1284.170
18.9
28.5
192.7
290.5
18.7
2.8
190.3
28.8
Pressure
Profile px
with
pump
px (bar) @avg rate
(bar) @min rate
60
350
50
300
Valve
40
250
200
30
Pressure
(bar)
HEAD (m)
150
20
100
10
50
100
150
200
250
300
Distance(km)
350
Pump
50
400
450
500
0
0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10
Q (m3/s)
Head Vs Flowrate
Head requirement
Pump (Require head+ DeltaP Valve)
350
300
Pressure
Required (bar)
18.9
28.5
Head Required
(m)
192.7
290.5
Pvalve (bar)
18.7
2.8
Head loss by
valve (m)
190.3
28.8
Pump head
required (m)
382.9
319.3`
250
Head
(m)
200
150
100
50
0
0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10
flowrate(m3/s)
60
50
10
20
30
40
Capacity (gpm)
50
60
70
500
450
400
350
300
250
Total
Head (m)
200
150
100
50
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Pumps in Series
Pumps in Parallel
10
22
13
27
25
Atmospheric
Conditions
Properties
Value
Unites
Max Rate
0.081
m3/s
Min Rate
0.058
m3/s
Avg. Rate
0.069
m3/s
Delivery Pressure
Bar
Temperature
Variation
10-50
Atm
837.6 @ 10C
Kg/m3
811.4 @ 50C
Kg/m3
0.0045 @ 10C
Pa.s
0.0018 @ 50C
Pa.s
Atmospheric
Pressure
Density
Fluid Properties
Viscosity
5
Density Vs Temperature
835
Viscosity Vs Temperature
4.5
4
830
3.5
825 (kg/m3)
Density
820
2.5
Viscosity
(cP)
815
810
1.5
805
800
0.5
795
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temperature (C)
40
45
50
0
55
Design Parameters
Parameters
Units
Min Value
Max Value
Flow Velocity
m/s
0.4
1.5
Diameter
0.22
0.51
mm
273
273
323
323
355
406
457
508
Thickness
mm
9.30
7.10
9.50
8.40
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
Inside
Diameter
mm
255
259
305
307
337
387
438
489
Design Procedure
)
Outside Diameter
mm
273.1
273.1
323.9
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
Thickness (STD)
mm
9.30
7.10
9.50
8.40
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
Inside
Diameter
mm
255
259
305
307
337
387
438
489
Maximum
Allowable
Pressure
Bar
98
83
85
75
77
68
60
54
Velocity
m/s
1.4
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
Reynold's
number (Re)
6.5E+04
6.4E+04
5.4E+04
5.4E+04
4.9E+04
4.2E+04
3.8E+04
3.4E+0
4
Roughness (d)*
mm
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Relative rougness
(e)
1.8E-04
1.7E-04
1.5E-04
1.5E-04
1.3E-04
1.2E-04
1.0E-04
9.2E05
(final
value)
0.0205
0.0205
0.0211
0.0211
0.0215
0.0221
0.0226
0.0231
57.7
26.2
25.3
16.3
8.3
4.6
2.7
0.255
0.259
0.305
0.307
0.337
0.387
0.438
0.489
100
0
-100
-200
-300
Pressure (bar)
-400
-500
-600
-700
200
400
600
distance(km)
800
1000
-50
Pressure (bar)
-100
-150
0
200
400
600
Distance (km)
800
1000
Outside Diameter
mm
273.10
273.10
323.90
323.90
355.60
406.40
457.00
508.00
Thickness (STD)
mm
9.30
7.10
9.50
8.40
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
Inside
Diameter
mm
0.255
0.259
0.305
0.307
0.337
0.387
0.438
0.489
Maximum
Allowable
Pressure
Bar
98.00
83.00
85.00
75.00
77.00
68.00
60.00
54.00
Velocity
m/s
1.4
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
Reynold's
number (Re)
1.6E+05
1.5E+05
1.3E+05
1.3E+05
1.2E+05
1.0E+05
9.1E+04
8.2E+0
4
Roughness (d)*
mm
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Relative rougness
(e)
1.8E-04
1.7E-04
1.5E-04
1.5E-04
1.3E-04
1.2E-04
1.0E-04
9.2E05
(final
value)
0.0176
0.0175
0.0179
0.0180
0.0182
0.0184
0.0228
0.0193
48.0
21.6
20.8
13.3
6.7
3.6
2.2
100.0
0.255
0.259
0.305
0.307
0.337
0.387
0.438
0.489
0.0
-100.0
-200.0
Pressure
(bar)
-300.0
-400.0
-500.0
-600.0
200
400
600
DISTANCE (km)
800
1000
40.0
20.0
0.0
-20.0
Pressure (bar)
-40.0
-60.0
-80.0
-100.0
-120.0
0
200
400
600
distance(km)
800
1000
Bar
10
Max Temperature
50
Vapor Pressure
Bar
0.12 @ 50C
Safety Factor
Bar
0.6
Inside Diameter
mm
337
387
438
489
Maximum Allowable
Pressure
Bar
77
68
60
54
Safety Factor
0.930
0.930
0.930
0.930
Maximum Allowable
Pressure with SF
72
63
56
50
Pmin
Pmax
50
Pressure
0 (bar)
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
200
400
distance(km)
600
800
1000
Pmin
Pmax
Valve
70
Valve
80
60
50
40
Valve
Valve
Valve
Pressure (bar)
Valve
30
20
10
600.0
Distance(km)
Pum
p
800.0
Pum
p
400.0
Pum
p
200.0
Pum
p
Pum
p
0
0.0
Delivery
1000.0
1200.0
Pmin
Pmax
100
50
0
-50
Pressure (bar)
-100
-150
-200
0
200
400
600
distance(km)
800
1000
1200
70.0
Valve
Valve
80.0
50.0
Valve
Valve
Valve
60.0
40.0
Pressure (bar)
30.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
Distance (km)
800.0
Delivery
Pum
p
Pum
p
Pum
p
0.0
0.0
Pum
p
10.0
Pum
Pum
pp
20.0
1000.0
1200.0
Pmin
80
Pmin
60
40
20
0
Pressure
(bar)
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0
200
400
600
distance(km)
800
1000
Pmax
70
Pmax
Valve
60
Pmin
50
40
Pressure (bar)
30
20
10
200.0
400.0
600.0
distance(km)
800.0
Pump
Pump
0
0.0
Delivery
1000.0
1200.0
Pmin
60
40
20
0
Pressure (bar)
-20
-40
-60
-80
0
200
400
600
distance(km)
800
1000
Pmax
70.0
Pmin
Pmax
60.0
Valve
50.0
Pressure
(bar)
Valve
40.0
30.0
20.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
Distance (km)
800.0
Pum
p
0.0
0.0
Pum
p
10.0
1000.0
Delivery
1200.0
Pmin
Pmax
60
40
20
Pressure (bar)
0
-20
-40
0
200
400
600
distance(km)
800
1000
Pmin
Valve
Valve
50
Pmax
40
30
Pressure (bar)
20
10
Delivery
200.0
400.0
Pum
p
0
0.0
600.0
distance(km)
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
Pmin
Pmax
60
50
40
30
20
Pressure (bar)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
0
200
400
600
distance(km)
800
1000
1200
Pmin
Pmax
Valve
50.0
Valve
40.0
30.0
Pressure (bar)
20.0
10.0
Delivery
200.0
400.0
Pum
p
0.0
0.0
600.0
Distance(km)
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
Pmin
Pmax
50
40
30
Pressure (bar)
20
10
0
-10
0
200
400
600
distance(km)
800
1000
1200
Pmin
Pmax
50.0
40.0
30.0
Pressure (bar)
Valve
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
200.0
Pum
p
Delivery
400.0
600.0
800.0
Distance(km)
1000.0
1200.0
Pmin
Pmax
50
40
30
Pressure (bar)
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
distance(km)
800
1000
Pmin
Pmax
60.0
50.0
Valve
40.0
30.0
Valve
Pressure (bar)
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
200.0
Pum
p
Delivery
400.0
600.0
800.0
distance(km)
1000.0
1200.0
60.0
Valve
50.0
Valve
50.0
40.0
40.0
30.0
30.0
Pressure (bar)
Pressure (bar)
20.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
Distance(km)
Pump
0.0
0.0
400.0
500.0
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
Distance(km)
400.0
Pump
60.0
500.0
360 km
35.9 Bar
26.1Bar
360 km
8.861 Bar
360 km
35.9 Bar
26.1Bar
360 km
5.2 Bar
8.86 Bar
P in Valve(for Qmax)
4.43 Bar
5.21 Bar
P in Valve(for Qmax)
2.62 Bar
@ 10C
Cvn
614.2
@ 50C
Cvn
791.3
90%
25%
Cv
552.8
153.6
56%
19%
Cv
439.2
150.4
@ 50C
4.5
bar
29.9
bar
6.9
bar
30.2
bar
Maximum
Rate
Rate (m3/s)
0.058
0.081
Rate (gpm)
917.264
1284.170
Pressure
Required (bar)
26.1
35.9
Head Required
(m)
317.6
436.9
Pvalve (bar)
29.9
4.5
Head loss by
valve (m)
363.8
55.0
@ 10C
Minimum Rate
Maximum
Rate
Rate (m3/s)
0.058
0.081
Rate (gpm)
917.264
1284.170
Pressure
Required (bar)
26.1
35.9
Head Required
(m)
302.8
404.5
Pvalve (bar)
30.2
6.9
Head loss by
valve (m)
379.4
87.2
@ 50C
50.0
450.0
Valve
40.0
400.0
350.0
300.0
30.0
Pressure (bar)
H (m) 250.0
20.0
200.0
150.0
10.0
100.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
Distance(km)
400.0
Pump
0.0
0.0
500.0
50.0
0.0
0.055 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100
Q (m3/s)
60.0
450.0
Valve
50.0
400.0
350.0
40.0
300.0
30.0
Pressure (bar)
250.0
H (m)
20.0
200.0
150.0
10.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
Distance(km)
400.0
Pump
0.0
500.0
50.0
0.0
0.055 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100
Q (m3/s)
Maximum
Rate
0.081
Pressure
Required (bar)
26.1
35.9
Head Required
(m)
317.6
436.9
Pvalve (bar)
29.9
4.5
Head loss by
valve (m)
363.8
55.0
Pump head
required (m)
681.4
491.9
800
Rate (m3/s)
700
600
500
400
H (m)
300
200
Head requirement
100
0
0.055 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100
Q (m3/s)
Maximum
Rate
0.081
Pressure
Required (bar)
26.1
35.9
Head Required
(m)
317.6
436.9
Pvalve (bar)
30.2
6.9
Head loss by
valve (m)
379.4
87.2
Pump head
required (m)
682.2
491.7
800
Rate (m3/s)
700
600
500
400
H (m)
300
200
Head requirement
100
0
0.055 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100
Q (m3/s)
60
50
10
20
30
40
Capacity (gpm)
50
60
70
1000
900
800
700
600
500(m)
Total Head
400
300
200
100
0
0
400
600
800
1200
1400
1600
1800
Pumps in Series
Pumps in Parallel
19
19
26
22
16
19
Comparison of Properties
Properties
Water
Oil*
1000 Kg/m3
837.6 Kg/m3
Viscosity [Pa.s]
0.001
0.0043
Comparison of Parameters
Same Parameters
Different parameters
Reynolds number
Friction factor
P/L [bar/m]
80
80
60
60
40
40
Pressure (bar)
20
20
0
Pressure (bar)
-20
-40
Pressure drop
below zero at
250 km.
0
-20
-40
-60
-60
-80
-80
0
Valve
55
45
Pressure
(bar)
35
70
50
15
40
Va lv e
25
Va lv e
60
Pressure (bar)
30
5
600.0
Distance(km)
800.0
1000.0
10
0
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
distance(km)
Pu m p
400.0
Pu m
p
200.0
Pum
p
-5
0.0
Pump
20
800.0
1000.0
50
Valve
40
30
30
Pressure (bar)
Pressure (bar)
20
20
10
10
200
400
Pum
p
0
0
600
Distance(km)
800
1000
0
0
200
400
Pum
p
40
Valve
50
Valve
60
Valve
60
600
distance(km)
800
1000
60
50
50
Valve
60
30
40
30
Pressure (bar)
20
10
10
200
400
600
800
Distance(km)
1000
0
0
Valve
20
200
Pum
p
Pressure (bar)
0
0
Valve
40
400
600
800
Length (km)
1000
23.4bar
50
Valve
40
30
40
30
Pressure (bar)
10
10
Pum
p
20
Distance(km)
0
0
Pump
Pressure (bar)
20
0
0
30.6 bar
Valve
50
distance(km)
700
382.9
681.4
600
350
319.3
290.5
300
250
Head
(m)
200
500
491.9
436.9
400
H (m)
192.7
300
317.6
150
100
200
Head requirement
50
0
0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10
flowrate(m3/s)
Head requirement
100
0
0.055 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100
Q (m3/s)
500
900
450
382.9
400
800
350
319.3
300
250Head (m)
Total
200 Pump Dia 7.5inch
150 Pump Dia 9.5inch
491.9
500
681.4
700
400
300
200
100
0
0
200
400
600
Pump
Impeller
Diameter [in]
Pumps in
Series
Pumps in
Parallel
Pump
Impeller
Diameter [in]
Pumps in
Series
Pumps in
Parallel
10
22
19
19
13
27
26
22
25
16
19
Head Loss
Where
Density of Oil
838
Kg/m3
hA
560
hX
403
bar
PA
10
bar
bar
PX
6.37
bar
201.22
1000
Kg/m3
hA
560
hX
403
PA
10
PX
9.65
Static Head
Loss
160.6
Static Head
Loss
0.438
360
Km
0.0164
33288.2
s/m3
0.438
360
Km
0.0226
45897.6
s/m3
600
500
TOTAL Head Loss [m]
400
300
200
100
Total Head Loss for Water-Pipeline
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
All three are effective, but the accuracy and applicability of each equation falls
within certain ranges of flow and pipe diameter. The equations are stated next.
Panhandle Equation
This equation is recommended for larger-diameter pipe (12-in. diameter and greater).
It is also recommended for long runs of pipe ( > 20 miles) such as cross-country
transmission pipelines and for moderate Reynolds numbers.
Spitzglass Equation
The Spitzglass equation is recommended for low-pressure vent lines < 12 in. in
diameter (P< 10% ofP1).
The petroleum engineer will find that the general gas equation and the
Weymouth equation are very useful. The Weymouth equation is ideal for
designing branch laterals and trunk lines in field gas-gathering systems.
C=0.0011493
Q=Flowrate [m3/day]
D= Pipe Diameter (mm)
E=Pipe Efficiency
f=Darcy-Weibach friction factor
G= Gas specific gravity
L=Pipe length (miles)
Ta=Temperature T [K]
Tb= Base Temperature [K]
Pb= Base Pressure [kPa]
P1=Inlet pressure [kPa]
P2= Outlet Pressure [kPa]
Za=Gas Compressibility Factor
(British Units)
(SI Units)
Here;
(SI Units)
Parameters
Parameters
Units
Values
Flow rate
m3/s
16.385
a.m.u
16.5
0.57
Viscosity of Gas
Pa.s
1E-4
90
kPa
13785.71
kPa
3446.43
kPa
101.325
288
Temperature Max
323
Temperature Min
283
Pipeline Parameter
Outside
Diameter
Thickness
(STD)
Inside
Diameter
Inside
Diameter
Velocity
Reynold's
number (Re)
Roughness
(d)*
Relative
rougness (e)
mm
273.10
273.10
323.90
323.90
355.60
406.40
457.00
508.00
mm
9.30
7.10
9.50
8.40
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
0.255
0.259
0.305
0.307
0.337
0.387
0.438
0.489
mm
254.5
258.9
304.9
307.1
336.6
387.4
438.0
489.0
m/s
322.1
311.2
224.4
221.2
184.1
139.0
108.7
87.2
5.0E+07
4.9E+07
4.2E+07
4.2E+07
3.8E+07
3.3E+07
2.9E+07
2.6E+07
mm
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
1.8E-04
1.7E-04
1.5E-04
1.5E-04
1.3E-04
1.2E-04
1.0E-04
9.2E-05
(start value)
0.0134
0.0134
0.0129
0.0129
0.0127
0.0124
0.0121
0.0118
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0134
0.0134
0.0130
0.0129
0.0127
0.0124
0.0121
0.0119
Friction factor
(difference)
(f)
(final value)
Pressure Profile
Pressure Profile for diff erent diameters (m)
0.255
0.259
0.305
0.307
0.337
0.387
0.438
0.489
200
150
100
50
0
Pressure
-50 (bar)
-100
-150
Compressors
are required
-200
-250
200
400
600
Distance (km)
800
1000
1200
Pressure
(bar)
130.0
120.0
110.0
100.0
200
400
600
Distance (km)
800
1000
Conclusion:
For Oil and water, pipeline diameter less than 0.337 m causes extremely large
pressure drop due to high level of friction. Therefore it is recommended after
this study to use pipeline diameter higher than 0.337 m.
In case small diameter pipeline is to be used, a low roughness pipeline
material is required to compensate the friction loss.
The study propose a range of pipeline diameters that can be utilized and also
propose combination of pumps stations (series and parallel pumps). The final
decision must be taken keeping in consideration economics i.e. pipeline cost
vs. pump station cost.
Energy required by pump is higher in case of oil pipeline as compared to water
because of high viscosity.
Number of pumps required (either in series or parallel) at one pumping station
is higher in case of oil as compared to water to obtain same deliverypressure.
For gas pipeline, diameters less than 0.305m casuses extremely large pressure
drop due to frction losses. It is recommended to utilize pipeline greater than
0.305m diameter with the appropriate pressure control valve systems.
References:
Friction Factors for Pipe flow by Lewis F. Moody and N.J. Princeton.
American Petroleum Institute Pipeline Specification 5L.
A tutorial on Pipe Flow Equations by Donald W. Schroeder, Jr.
Emerson Valve Sizing Calculation tutorial.
Pipe Roughness Values, Jacques Chaurette P. Eng
www.ligthmypump.com, February 2003
Pump selection, sizing and interpretation of performance curves.
http://petrowiki.org/Pressure_drop_evaluation_along_pipelines