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GENERATOR
According
to Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction the following 3
things are essential for the generation of e.m.f
1.Electrical Conductor- STATOR WINDING.
2.Magnetic Field- FIELD WINDING-ROTOR.
3. RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN THESE
TWO WHICH IS ACHIEVED BY THE Prime
Mover-TURBINE.
Principle
VOLTAGE CONTROL
The
voltage is a load variable very much
influenced by local conditions. Though
everybody is having the responsibility to have
better voltage profile including the customer, the
CTU(central transmission utility) has the
ultimate control.
It is important to have a balance of reactive power
in the operation of the system otherwise voltage
control is lost.
ARMATURE REACTION
AR is meant by the effect of magnetic field set by
armature current as the distortion of flux under main
pole of a generator
when there is no load connected to the generator the
armature conductors carries no current there is only
one magnetic field in the machine under this
condition.This field from north to south pole is shown
in figure. It is called the main field.
The armature magnetic field has two effects
Cross magnetizing effect or distorts it
Demagnetizing effect or weakens to main flux
The
By
GENERATOR
Synchronous generators are able to both absorb
and produce reactive power. Changes to reactive
output are made by altering the level of excitation
on the rotating field of the generator.
When a generator absorbs reactive power it is
called under excited and consumes reactive
power from the network and acts as a shunt coil
viewed from the network when it produces
reactive power it is called over excited and
acts as a shunt capacitor as viewed from the
network.
ROLE OF EXCITATION
BASIC FUNCTION:
THE MAIN FUNCTION OF EXCITATION
SYSTEMS IS TO FEED DC VOLTAGE TO THE
ROTOR WINDINGS TO GENERATE THE
MAGNETIC FIELD ACCORDING TO THE
OPERATING CONDITIONS
CONTROL
PROTECTIVE FUNCTION
ENHANCING POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
IN ADDITION TO THIS,
1.
2.
TYPES
1.
2.
3.
4.
DC EXCITATION SYSTEMS
AC EXCITATION SYSTEMS
STATIC EXCITATION
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION
Monitoring
AVR
Pulse
Gen.
Logic control
PulseAmpl.
Field
Suppressio
n
AVR
GATE
CONT
MAN
CONTR
GATE
CONT
PULSE
AMP
PULSE
AMP
MANUAL CHANNEL
Excitation system-DVR
The main advantages of DVR are
Automatic diagnosis, i.e. internal condition monitoring
and fault detection.
Set values are digital, hence absolutely reproduce able
and not there is no drift long time stability
Reduced module diversity
Comprehensive measuring and setting possibilities
User friendly and easy adaptation to customers
requirements
Excitation monitoring
Current flow monitoring of individual thyristors
Change over to Channel 2, if field current increases
-following an inverse time characteristics
Actual value monitoring of generator voltage & field
current
DVR Input
U generator
I generator
DVR
I Rotor
U Sync
Uc
BRUSHLESS SYSTEM
STATIC EXCITATION
RESPONSE LIMITED TO
EXCITER M/C TIME CONST.
FAST RESPONSE
BRUSHLESS SYSTEM
EASY SUPPORTING OF
SHORT CKT IN SMALL
INDUSTRIAL M/CS
STATIC EXCITATION
SUPPORTING OF SHORT CKT
CURRENT NEEDS
COMPOUNDING TRAFO.
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF
FIELD QUANTITIES UF & IF
POSSIBLE
GENERATOR
CAPABILITY
DIAGRAM
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LIMITERS
V / Hz limiter: At under frequency, the V/Hz limiter
reduces the generator voltage so as to prevent saturation
effects. When under frequency occurs, the generator
voltage is reduced in proportion to that setting.
Field current maximum limiter: Field current
maximum limiter is provided to protect the generator
rotor from over currents occurring in steady state and
transient operation. High field currents are normally the
result of s sharp rise drop in network voltage or improper
rising of set point by the operator. The field current will be
held steady at the maximum permissible value for the
excitation circuit and the rotor. The switch back to the
thermal limit is based on the time integral of the
excitation current. The cool down time can also be
defined through parameters.
GENERATOR
PROTECTIONS
CLASS A
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL
GT DIFFERENTIAL
UAT DIFFERENTIAL
GEN > OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL
STATOR EARTH FAULT-0-95% & 95-100%
STAND BY EARTH FAULT
REVERSE POWER WITH ESV CLOSED
REVERSE POWER WITH ESV OPEN
GENERATOR OVER VOLTAGE ALARM & TRIP
GENERATOR ROTOR EARTH FAULT
CLASS A
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C
TURBINE TRIPS