Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pendahuluan
Lecture 2
..?
Tu kan
apa saya
bilang..
Ooo,
gitu Kuncinya :
to..! KETERBUK
AAN
Jadi,
Apa yang akan kita pelajari
pada M.K. Bioetika . ?
What is Ethics
?
What is Bioethics
Ethics (etika): a sub-branch of applied philosophy that seeks what
?
are the right and the wrong, the good and the bad set of behaviors
in a given circumstance (Webster Dictionary, 2002)
Bioethics (bioetika):
A branch of philosophy that views biological phenomenon
(incl. Medical Science) from the aspect of ethics/ moral
(Sobber, 1993)
Social science that offers solutions to the moral conflicts that
arise in medical and biological science practice (Aksoy, 2002)
The study of ethical issues and decision making associated
with the use of living organisms (Macer, 2006)
Ethics (etika)
Lebih kurang sama dengan
moral
Menyangkut hal apakah suatu
perbuatan boleh dilakukan/
tidak
Etika tetap berlaku walau tidak
ada saksi mata, tidak
tergantung pada hadir tidaknya
orang lain dan berawal dari
dalam diri
Bersifat absolut
Bioethics is a
bridge to the
future !!
(Fritz Jahr, 1927 and
R. Potter, 1970)
Wisdom dari
banyak
bidang:
anthropology,
sosiology,
biology, med. science,
culture, religions
Truth/ answer
Science
Biology,
chemistry,
food science,
astronomy,
medical, etc.
Technolog
y
Dilemma
psychology,
philosophy,
environmental
science, economics
Applied
- Environment
- Human
health
- Society
- International
policy
+
Not only a technical decision
BUT also an ethical decision
patients right
and community
right
= Human Right
60s
TECHNOL.
breakthrough
History of
Bioethics
Ethic
s
V. R. Potter
(1970)
Perkembangan Bioetika
Nasional
SCOPE OF BIOETHICAL
ISSUES
Medical Bioethics
Animal Bioethics
Agriculture/Food Bioethics
Environmental Bioethics
Industrial Bioethics
Neuroethics
Nanoethics
Ethical
Theories
1. Deontology = nonconsequencialist.
2. Teleology =
consequencialist.
Baik/ buruknya, benar/ salahnya seseorang dinilai dari
tujuan yang hendak dicapai. Menurut aliran ini setiap
manusia wajib berbuat sesuatu untuk tujuan yang baik.
Ethical egoism: kewajiban berbuat baik karena demi
kepentingannya sendiri.
Utilitarianism*): kewajiban berbuat baik adalah demi
kepentingan semua fihak dan masyarakat (in any
situation we should do what will have the best overall
consequences for everyone concerned.)
DOING GOOD
deals with
moral issues that
come up in
particular cases.
Ethical
Theories (teori
etika)
deals with
standards and
principles of moral
reasoning.
Four Basic
Moral
Principles of
BIOETHICS
Four
Clusters of
Principles
1.
Autonomy
Personal choices
Autonomous
action?
We analyze autonomous action in
terms of persons who act ..:
- Intentionally
- With understanding
- Without controlling influences that
determine their action
2.
Beneficence
Beneficence attempt to
do good
Balance doing good ><
risk of doing harm
Tools: - risk assessment
- cost-benefit
analysis
Cases where
beneficence ><
3. Nonmaleficence
Try to minimize or
avoid doing harm
Failure to attempt to do
good
Form of doing
Examples of risky technology
..
Beneficence
One ought to prevent
evil or harm
One ought to remove
evil or harm
One ought to do or
promote good
Nonmaleficence
1. Do not kill
2. Do not cause pain
3. Do not incapacitate
others
4. Do not cause offense to
others
5. Do not deprive others of
the goods of life
Dapatkah Anda pikirkan tentang sebuah teknologi
yang diduga terlalu berisiko untuk digunakan
sekarang ?
Bila dapat,
pikirkan pula teknologi mutakhir yang telah kita
gunakan untuk hal yang sama. Ingat lagi ke
belakang apakah teknologi mutakhir ini juga
4. Justice/Fairness
Autonomy is limited by balancing
desires with respect for the autonomy
of other individuals
Justice = fairness = equity
equality in access to health care
Problems:
- Scarce resources/treatments for
patients
- Socioeconomic situation of patient &
families
- Healthcare system & healthcare
budget
4. Justice
Autonomy is limited by balancing desires
with respect for the autonomy of other
individuals
Justice = fairness = equity
equality in access to health care
Problems:
- Scarce resources/treatments for patients
- Socioeconomic situation of patient &
families
- Healthcare system & healthcare budget
Principles of distributive
justice
effort
of the following
pictures
.?
(from Bioethics
Superc
ow
Produk
pemanfaata
n hormon
untuk
meningkatka
n produk
daging sapi.
Berpotensi
membahaya
kan
Somatotrophin (bST)
(Recombinant DNA technology )
Increase in
yields of 1215%
insulin-like growth
factor 1 (IGF-1)
stimulates cell
division
Public Health
Referenc
es
1. Macer, D.R.J. (editor). A Cross-Cultural
Introduction to Bioethics. Bangkok: Eubios Ethics
Institute, 2006.
2. Beauchamp, T.L., Childress J.F. Principles of
Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1994.
3. Lo, B. Resolving Ethical Dilemmas. Baltimore:
Williams & Wilkins, 1995.
4. Jonsen A.R., Siegler, M., Winslade, W.J. Clinical
Ethics, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
5. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. Health
Ethics Teaching Guidelines for the SEAR
Countries. New Delhi, 2002.