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Wind Load

Wind Hazard
Buildings and structures shall be
designed and constructed to resist the
forces due to wind pressure.
The forces exerted by the wind are the
result of a combination of factors such
as:
Wind speed
Exposure factor
Aerodynamic shape of the structure
Dynamic response factor

All structural systems shall be designed and

Design Wind Loads

For rigid buildings of all height

P=qGCp qi(GCpi)
Where q=qz for windward walls evaluated at height Z
above the ground.
q=qh for leeward walls, side walls and roofs,
evaluated at height h.
qi =qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward
walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and for
negative internal pressure evaluation in partially
enclosed buildings.
qi =qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in
partially of the highest opening in the building that
could affect the positive internal pressure.
G= gust effect factor
Cp = external pressure coefficient
GCpi =internal pressure coefficient

Enclosure Classifications
A building is to be classified as one of the
following:
Open: Ao > 0.8Ag for each wall
Partially Enclosed: Ao > 1.10 Aoi, and
Ao > min[0.37m , 0.01Ag], and
Aoi/Agi < 0.20
Enclosed: A building that is neither open nor
partially enclosed.

Velocity pressure

Velocity pressure, qz evaluated at height z shall be calculated

by the following equation:
q=0.613KzKztKdV2I

(N/m2)

Where V = wind speed (m/s)

Kd = wind directionality factor
Kz = Velocity pressure exposure coefficient
Kzt = topographic factor
I = Importance factor

Wind directionality factor Kd

This factor shall only
be applied when used
in conjunction with
specific load
combinations otherwise
it should be taken as
equal to unity.

 MWFRS (Main Wind Force Resisting System): An assemblage of structural

elements assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure.
The system generally receives wind loading from more than one surface.
C&C (Components and Cladding): Elements of the building envelope that
do not qualify as part of the MWFRS. Example of components are fasteners,
studs, purlins, and girts and examples of cladding are wall and roof
coverings, curtain, walls and overhead door.

Combined Factored Loads Using Strength

Design Applicability

Combined Nominal Loads Using Allowable

Stress Design
1) D
2) D+L+F+H+T+(Lr or S or R)
3) D+(W or 0.7E) +L+ (Lr or S or R)
4) 0.6D+W+H
5) 0.6D+0.7E+H

Terrain-Roughness
Exposure Category A: Large City Centers with at least 50% of
the buildings with heights more than 20m.
Exposure Category B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded
areas, other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions
having the size of single family dwellings or larger having
average heights less than 10m.
Exposure B shall apply where the ground surface roughness
condition prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of at
least 800m or 10 times the height of the building, whichever is
greater.
Exposure Category C: Open terrain, plains and savannahs with
scattered obstructions having average heights less than 10m.
Exposure C shall apply for all case where exposure B or D do not
apply.
Exposure Category D: Flat unobstructed coastal area exposed
to wind flowing from the open ocean for a distance of at least
1610m (1mile).

Velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz

Note:
Case 1:
a) All components
and cladding.
b) Main wind force
resisting system
in low-rise buildings
Case 2:
b)All main wind force
resisting systems in
buildings except those
in low-rise building
b) All main wind force resisting systems in other
structures.

Velocity pressure exposure coefficient K z (cont.)

The velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz may be determined from
the following formula:
For 4.5m z zg : Kz = 2.01 (z/zg)2/
For z < 4.5m

Kz = 2.01 (4.5/zg)2/

Note : z shall not be taken less than 9m for case 1 in exposure B.

Topographic Factor Kzt

Topographic Factor Kzt (cont.)

Kzt shall be taken to be equal to 1 for building that is not subject to

topographic effects.

Importance Classes
Category I: Buildings and related structures whose
failure implies low risk for human life including but
not limited to rural, storage or temporary facilities.
Category II: Normal occupancy public or private
building (housing, offices, commerce, etc.).
Additionally, it includes hazardous facilities not
classified as Category III if it is insured that any
damage or toxic spill can be immediately controlled.
Category III: Hazardous facilities or high occupancy
public or private buildings.
Category IV: Essential facilities such as hospitals, fire
and police stations and designated hurricane shelters.

Importance Factor, I for Wind Loads

Gust Effect Factor G

For rigid structures, the gust effect
factor shall be taken as 0.85.

External Coefficient Factor

Cp

Wall Pressure
Coefficient, Cp

Roof Pressure coefficients, Cp , for use with qh

Internal Pressure Coefficient