Leadership

Leadership is the influencing

process of leaders and
followers to achieve
organizational objectives
through change.
1-3

Key Elements of
Leadership
Influence
LeadersFollowers
Change

Leadership

Organizational
Objectives
People
1-4

Managerial Roles
Interpersonal
Interpersonal

1. Figurehead
2.Leader
3. Liaison

Informational
Informational

4. Monitor
5. Disseminator
6. Spokesperson

Decisional
Decisional

7. Entrepreneur
8. Disturbance handler
9. Resource-allocator
10. Negotiator
1-5

3 Levels of Leadership
Analysis
p
u
o
r
G

O
rg
an
iza
tio
na
l

Individual
1-6

The
The 44 Leadership
Leadership
Theory
Theory
Classifications
Classifications
Include:
Include:
Trait
Behavioral

Contingency
Integrative
1-7

Leadership Trait Theory

attempts to explain distinctive characteristics
accounting for leadership effectiveness to
identify a set of traits that all successful
leaders possess.

1-8

Behavioral Leadership Theories

attempt to explain distinctive styles used by
effective leaders or the nature of their work.

1-9

Contingency Leadership Theories

attempt to explain the appropriate leadership style
based on the leader,
followers,
and situation

1-10

Integrative Leadership Theories

attempt to combine the train, behavioral,
and contingency theories to explain
successful influencing leader follower
relationships.

1-11

Great Man (Person)

Approach
Sought to identify
the traits effective
leaders possessed.
2-3

Big Five Model of Personality

Surgency

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Adjustment

Open to experience
2-4

1.
1. Bullying
Bullyingstyle
style
2.
2.Cold,
Cold,aloof,
aloof,arrogant
arrogant

6
Major
Reasons
for
Executive
Derailment

3.
3.Betrayed
Betrayedpersonal
personaltrust
trust
4.
4.Self-centered
Self-centered
5.
5.Specific
Specificperformance
performance
problems
problems
6.
6.Overmanaged
Overmanaged

2-5

Locus
Locus of
of
Control
Control
High
High energy
energy

Dominance
Dominance

Self-confident
Self-confident

Integrity
Integrity

9
Traits of
Effective
Leaders
Stability
Stability

Flexibility
Flexibility
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
to
to others
others
Intelligence
Intelligence

2-6

Achievement Motivation
Theory
attempts to explain and predict behavior and
performance based on ones need for
achievement, power, and affiliation.

2-7

Theory X.................Theory Y
(Autocratic)
Control

(Participative)
Support

2-8

Pygmalion Effect
Managers attitudes, expectations, and
treatment of employees explain and predict
behavior and performance behavior and
performance of employees

2-9

Motivation

If you think you can

you can,
if you think you cant,
you cant.
2-10

Leadership Styles Based on

Attitudes
Positive

Theory Y Attitudes

Theory X Attitudes

Gives and accepts

positive feedback

Bossy

Pushy

Impatient

Critical

SelfConcept

Expects others to succeed

Negative

Afraid to make decisions

Pessimistic

Unassertive

Promotes hopelessness

SelfConcept

Lets others do the job

their way

Autocratic

Self-blaming
2-11

Golden Rule
Do unto others as you want them to do unto you.

or
Dont do anything to anyone that you would not
want them to do to you.

2-12

Stakeholders Approach
to Ethics
creates a win-win situation for relevant
parties affected by the decision.

2-13

Leadership Styles
Autocratic...........................Democratic

3-3

One-Dimensional Two
Leadership Styles Model

Job Centered........Employee Centered

3-4

C
O
N
S
I
D
E
R
A
T
I
O
N

Two-Dimensional Leadership
Styles
High

Low Structure
and
High Consideration

High Structure
and
High Consideration

Low Structure
and
Low Consideration

High Structure
and
Low Consideration

Low

Initiating Structure
Low

High

3-5

Although there is no one best

leadership style in all situations,
employees are more satisfied
with a leader who is high in
consideration
3-6

Leadership Grid
High
C
O
N
C
E
R
N
P
E
O
P
L
E

Lo
w

1,9

9,
Team Leader
9

Country Club

5,5
Middle of the Road
Impoverished

Authority-Compliance

1,1
1
Low
High

CONCERN for PRODUCTION

9,
1 9
3-7

33
Content
Content
Motivation
Motivation
Theories
Theories
Hierarchy of
Needs

Acquired
Needs
Two-Factor
3-8

The Motivation Process

Need

Motive

Behavior

Consequence

Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction

Feedback

3-9

Major Motivation Theories

Classification of
Motivation
Theories

Specific Motivation
Theory

1. Content Motivation
theories

a.
Hierarchy of needs
theory
b.
Two-factor theory
c.
Acquired needs
theory

2. Process Motivation
Theories

a.
Equity theory
b.
Goal-setting theory
c. Expectancy theory

Type of Reinforcement
3. Reinforcement Theory

a. Positive
b. Avoidance
c. Extinction

3-10

Hierarchy of Needs Theory

SelfActualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
3-11

Acquired Needs Theory

(employees are motivated by their need for:)

Power
Affiliation
Achievement

3-12

Equity Theory
(proposed that employees are motivated when
their perceived inputs equal outputs.)

Our inputs
(contributions)
Our outcomes
(rewards)

Others input
(contributions)

Others outcomes
(rewards)
3-13

Expectancy Theory
Proposes that employees are motivated when
they believe they can accomplish the task and
the rewards for doing so are worth the effort.

3-14