Physics 102: Mechanics

Lecture 7
Wenda Cao
NJIT Physics Department

Energy
Energy and Kinetic Energy
Work
Kinetic Energy
Work and Kinetic Energy
Conservative and Nonconservative
Forces
The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

27 Desember 2

Why Energy?
Why do we need a concept of energy?
The energy approach to describing
motion is particularly useful when
Newtons Laws are difficult or impossible
to use
Energy is a scalar quantity. It does not
have a direction associated with it

27 Desember 2

What is Energy?
Energy is a property of the state of an
object: hard to define precisely
Forms of energy:

Mechanical:

Kinetic energy (associated with motion)

Potential energy (associated with position)

Chemical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear

Energy is conserved. It can be transferred

from one object to another or change in
form, but not created or destroyed
27 Desember 2

Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy is energy associated with
the state of motion of an object
For an object moving with a speed of v

1 2
KE mv
2

SI unit: joule (J)

1 joule = 1 J = 1 kg m2/s2

27 Desember 2

Kinetic Energy for Various

Objects
1 2
KE mv
2

27 Desember 2

Why

1 2
KE mv
2

27 Desember 2

Work W
1 2 1
2
Start with
mv mv0 Fx x
2
2

Work W

Work provides a link between force and energy

Work done on an object is transferred to/from it
If W > 0, energy added: transferred to the
object
If W < 0, energy taken away: transferred from
the object

27 Desember 2

Definition of Work W

The work, W, done by a constant force on an

object is defined as the product of the
component of the force along the direction of
displacement and the magnitude of the
displacement

W ( F cos )x

F is the magnitude of the force

x is the magnitude of the
objects displacement r
r
is the angle between F and x

27 Desember 2

Work Unit

This gives no information about

the time it took for the displacement to occur

the velocity or acceleration of the object

Work is a scalar quantity

1 2 1
2
SI Unit
mv mv0 ( F cos )x

Newton meter = Joule

Nm=J
J = kg m2 / s2 = ( kg m / s2 ) m

W ( F cos )x
27 Desember 2

Work: + or -?

Work can be positive, negative, or zero. The

sign of the work depends on the direction of
the force relative to the displacement

W ( F cos )x

Work
Work
Work
Work
Work

positive: W > 0 if 90> > 0

negative: W < 0 if 180> > 90
zero: W = 0 if = 90
maximum if = 0
minimum if = 180

27 Desember 2

Example: When Work is

Zero

A man carries a bucket of

water horizontally at constant
velocity.
The force does no work on the
bucket
Displacement is horizontal
Force is vertical
cos 90 = 0

W ( F cos )x

27 Desember 2

Example: Work Can Be

Positive or Negative
Work is positive when lifting
the box
Work would be negative if
lowering the box

The force would still be

upward, but the displacement
would be downward

27 Desember 2

Work and Dissipative Forces

Work can be done by friction
The energy lost to friction by an object
goes into heating both the object and its
environment

Some energy may be converted into sound

For now, the phrase Work done by

friction will denote the effect of the
friction processes on mechanical energy
alone

27 Desember 2

Work and Force

An Eskimo returning pulls a sled as shown.

The total mass of the sled is 50.0 kg, and
he exerts a force of 1.20 102 N on the
sled by pulling on the rope. How much
work does he do on the sled if = 30 and
he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?

W ( F cos )x
(1.20 10 2 N )(cos 30 )(5.0m)
5.2 10 2 J
27 Desember 2

Work Done by Multiple

Forces

If more than one force acts on an object,

then the total work is equal to the
algebraic sum of the work done by the
individual forces

Wnet Wby individual forces

Remember work is a scalar, so

this is the algebraic sum

Wnet Wg WN WF ( F cos )r
27 Desember 2

Work and Multiple Forces

Suppose k = 0.200, How much work done

on the sled by friction, and the net work if
= 30 and he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?
Fnet , y N mg F sin 0
N mg F sin

W fric ( f k cos 180 )x f k x

k Nx k (mg F sin )x
(0.200)(50.0kg 9.8m / s 2

Wnet WF W fric WN Wg

1.2 10 2 N sin 30 )(5.0m)

5.2 10 2 J 4.3 10 2 J 0 0
90.0 J

4.3 10 2 J

27 Desember 2

Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy associated with the

motion of an object1 2
KE

mv

Scalar quantity with the same unit as

work
Work is related to kinetic energy
1
1

mv 2 mv0 Fnet x
2
2

Wnet KEf KEi KE

27 Desember 2

Work-Kinetic Energy
Theorem

When work is done by a net force on an

object and the only change in the object
is its speed, the work done is equal to the
change in the objects kinetic energy

Speed will increase if work is positive

Speed will decrease if work is negative

Wnet KEf KEi KE

Wnet

1 2 1
2
mv mv0
2
2
27 Desember 2

Work and Kinetic Energy

The driver of a 1.00103 kg car traveling on the

interstate at 35.0 m/s slam on his brakes to avoid
hitting a second vehicle in front of him, which had
come to rest because of congestion ahead. After the
breaks are applied, a constant friction force of
8.00103 N acts on the car. Ignore air resistance. (a)
At what minimum distance should the brakes be
applied to avoid a collision with the other vehicle?
(b) If the distance between the vehicles is initially
only 30.0 m, at what speed would the collisions
occur?

27 Desember 2

Work and Kinetic Energy

3
3
(a) We know v0 35.0m / s, v 0, m 1.00 10 kg , f k 8.00 10 N
Find the minimum necessary stopping distance

Wnet

1 2 1 2
W fric Wg WN W fric mv f mvi
2
2
1 2
f k x 0 mv0
2

1
(8.00 10 N )x (1.00 103 kg )(35.0m / s) 2
2
3

x 76.6m

27 Desember 2

Work and Kinetic Energy

(b) We know x 30.0m, v0 35.0m / s, m 1.00 103 kg , f k 8.00 103 N

Find the speed at impact.
Write down the work-energy theorem:
1
1
Wnet W fric f k x mv 2f mvi2
2
2
2
v 2f v02 f k x
m
2
3
2
2
v 2f (35m / s ) 2 (
)(
8
.
00

10
N
)(
30
m
)

745
m
/
s
1.00 103 kg

v f 27.3m / s
v0 35.0m / s, v 0, m 1.00 103 kg , f k 8.00 103 N

27 Desember 2

Scalar Product of Two

Vectors

The scalar product

of two
r r vectors is
written
A B as

r r
A B A B cos

It is also called the

dot product

is the angle
between A and B

Applied to work,
this means

r r
W F r cos F r
27 Desember 2

Dot Product

The dot product says

something about how
parallel two vectors are.
The dot product (scalar
product) of two vectors can
be thought of as the
projection of one onto the
direction of the other.

A B AB cos

A i A cos Ax

Components

A B Ax Bx Ay B y Az Bz

( A cos ) B

A
A( B cos )

27 Desember 2

Projection of a Vector: Dot

Product

The dot product says

something about how
parallel two vectors are.
The dot product (scalar
product) of two vectors can
be thought of as the
projection of one onto the
direction of the other.

A B AB cos

A i A cos Ax

Components

A B Ax Bx Ay B y Az Bz

Projection is zero

27 Desember 2

Derivation

A
How do we show that B Ax Bx Ay B y Az Bz

Start with A Ax i Ay j Az k

B Bx i B y j Bz k

Then A B ( Ax i Ay j Az k) ( Bx i B y j Bz k)

Ax i ( Bx i B y j Bz k) Ay j ( Bx i B y j Bz k) Az k ( Bx i B y j Bz k)

But

So

i j 0; i k 0; j k 0
i i 1; j j 1; k k 1

A B Ax i Bxi Ay j B y j Az k Bz k
Ax Bx Ay B y Az Bz

27 Desember 2

Scalar Product

The vectors A 2i 3 j and B i 2 j

Determine the scalar product
A B ?

A B Ax Bx Ay B y 2 (-1) 3 2 -2 6 4

Find the angle between these two

vectors
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

A Ax Ay 2 3 13

A B
4
4
cos

AB
13 5
65
4
1
cos
60.3
65

B Bx B y (1) 2 2 5

27 Desember 2

A 2i 3 j and B i 2 j

A 2i 3 j and B i 2 j

Types of Forces
There

are two general kinds of

forces

Conservative

Work and energy associated with the

force can be recovered

Nonconservative

The forces are generally dissipative and

work done against it cannot easily be
recovered
27 Desember 2

Conservative Forces

A force is conservative if the work it does

on an object moving between two points is
independent of the path the objects take
between the points

The work depends only upon the initial and

final positions of the object
Any conservative force can have a potential
energy function associated with it

Examples of conservative forces include:

Gravity
Spring force
Electromagnetic forces
27 Desember 2

Nonconservative Forces
A

force is nonconservative if the work

it does on an object depends on the
path taken by the object between its
final and starting points.
Examples of nonconservative forces

kinetic friction, air drag, propulsive

forces

27 Desember 2

Friction Depends on the

Path
The blue path is
shorter than the
red path
The work required
is less on the blue
path than on the
red path
Friction depends
on the path and
so is a nonconservative force

27 Desember 2

Power
Work does not depend on time interval
The rate at which energy is transferred is
important in the design and use of practical
device
The time rate of energy transfer is called
power
The average power is given by

W
P
t

when the method of energy transfer is work

27 Desember 2

Instantaneous Power
Power is the time rate of energy transfer.
Power is valid for any means of energy
transfer
W Fx
P

Fv
Other expression
t
t

A more general definition

of instantaneous

W dW
dr
power P lim
F
F v
t 0 t
dt
dt

P F v Fv cos
27 Desember 2

Units of Power
The

SI unit of power is called the watt

1 watt = 1 joule / second = 1 kg . m2 / s3

unit of power in the US Customary

system is horsepower

1 hp = 550 ft . lb/s = 746 W

Units

of power can also be used to

express units of work or energy

1 kWh = (1000 W)(3600 s) = 3.6 x106 J

27 Desember 2

Power to Increase KE
Killer whales are able to accelerate up to 30 mi/h
in a matter of seconds. Disregarding the
considerable drag force of water, calculate the
average power a killer whale with mass 8000 kg
would need to generate to reach a speed of 12.0 m/s
1 2 1 2
in 6.00 s?
KE mv f mvi
2

1
8000 N (12m / s ) 2 0
2
5.76 105 J

W 5.76 105 J
P

9.60 10 4 W
t
6.00 s

27 Desember 2

Power Delivered by an Elevator

Motor

A 1000-kg elevator carries a maximum load of 800

kg. A constant frictional force of 4000 N retards its
motion upward. What minimum power must the
motor deliver to lift the fully loaded elevator at a
constant speed
of 3 m/s?
F
ma
net , y

T f Mg 0
T f Mg 2.16 10 4 N
P Fv (2.16 10 4 N )(3m / s )
6.48 10 4 W

P 64.8kW 86.9hp

27 Desember 2