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Presenting a set of data in a frequency

distribution table usually serves as a preliminary
step in summarizing the data in one or two values.
Such data can be summarized by considering
one of the most important concepts in statistical
investigation the concept of central tendency or
average.

Sub Topics:

A. MEAN
B. MEDIAN
C. MODE
D. COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGES
E. QUANTILES

MEAN

MEAN

Mean
one of the simplest and most efficient measures
of central tendency
it is the value obtained by adding the values in
the distribution and dividing the sum by the total
number of values

MEAN

Methods for finding the mean:

1. Mean for Ungrouped Data
2. Weighted Mean
3. Mean for Grouped Data

MEAN

Mean for Ungrouped Data

(read as x bar)

In symbol, we have

MEAN
Example

1.
Consider the following values.
21, 10, 36, 42, 39, 52, 30, 25, 26
Compute the value of the mean.

Solution:
To compute for the value of the mean, we shall use EQN 3.1. Thus,

MEAN
Example

2.
The ages of 15 students in a certain class were taken and shown
below.
15, 18, 17, 16, 19, 21, 18, 16, 17, 20, 21, 19
Determine the mean age of the students.
Solution:
To compute for the value of the mean, we have

MEAN
Example

3.
The daily sales of ABC Enterprise for the first 7 days of a certain
month are shown below.
5,286, 10,826, 2,580, , , ,
Determine the daily mean sales of the store for the first seven days.
Solution:

5, 998.29

MEAN

Weighted Mean

There are some instances where, in the computation of

the mean of a set of data, each value in the distribution is
associated with a certain weight or degree of importance.
For example, suppose a student in a certain college is
enrolled in 6 subjects where not all of the subject carry a
three-unit load.
Assuming further, that the said student was able to
obtain the following grades as shown in the next slide,

MEAN
Subject

No. of Units

Grade

2.0

3.0

1.25

3.0

2.5

2.5

If each subject carries a 3 unit load, then the mean grade can be
obtained by simply adding the grades in the third column and then
divide the sum by 6. Since the number of units per subject are
different, then each weight should be considered.

MEAN
The method discussed above can be represented by the
formula,

Where

x = represents the item value

w = represents the weight associated to x

MEAN
Example 4.
Supposed we are interested in computing the weighted mean grade
of the student in our previous example as shown below.
Subject

No. of Units (w)

Grade (x)

2.00

3.00

1.25

3.00

2.50

2.50

MEAN
Solution:

To compute the value of the weighted mean, we have

MEAN
Example 5.
Supposed we want to compute the weighted mean grade of the
student in our example using vertical addition. If we let x be the
grades of the student and w be the number of units per subject, then
we have
Subject

No. of Units
(w)

Grade (x)

wx

2.00

6.00

3.00

9.00

1.25

6.25

3.00

3.00

2.50

5.00

2.50

7.50

w = 17

wx = 36.75

MEAN
Solution:

MEAN
Example 6.
A dice was rolled 100 times and the results are shown below.
Outcome (x)

Frequency (w)

17

14

20

15

15

19

Compute the value of the mean.

Solution:

MEAN
Outcome (x)

Frequency
(w)

wx

17

17

14

28

20

60

15

60

15

75

19

114

w = 100

Hence,

wx = 354

MEAN

Mean for Grouped Data

To compute the value of the mean of a data presented in

a frequency distribution, we shall consider two methods:
1. Midpoint Method
2. Unit Deviation Method

MEAN

Midpoint Method

Where

f = represents frequency of each class

x = midpoint of each class
n = the total number of frequencies or sample size

MEAN
Steps to follow in midpoint method:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Get the midpoint of each class.

Multiply each midpoint by its corresponding frequency.
Get the sum of the products in step 2.
Divide the sum obtained in step 3 by the total number of
frequencies. The result shall be rounded off to two
decimal places.

MEAN

Example 7.
Consider the frequency distribution of the examination scores
of the sixty students in a statistics class in Table 2.2. Compute the
value of the mean.
Classes

11 22

23 34

35 46

11

47 58

19

59 70

14

71 82

83 94

2
n = 60

MEAN
Solution:
Classes

11 22

16.5

49.5

23 34

28.5

142.5

35 46

11

40.5

445.5

47 58

19

52.5

997.5

59 70

14

64.5

903.0

71 82

76.5

459.0

83 94

88.5

177.0

n = 60

fx

= 3174.0

MEAN

Unit Deviation Method

Where

= represents the assumed mean

f = the frequency of each class
d = the unit deviation
c = the size of the class interval
n = the sample size

MEAN
Steps to follow in unit deviation method:
1. Choose an assumed mean by getting the midpoint of any interval.
2. Construct the unit deviation column.
3. Multiply the frequencies by their corresponding unit deviations.
Add the products.
4. Divide the sum in step 3 by the sample size.
5. Multiply the result in step 4 by the size of the class interval.
6. Add the value obtained in step 5 to the assumed mean. The
obtained result which is the mean should be rounded off to 2
decimal places.

MEAN
Example 9.
Compute the value of the mean of the data in Table 2.2, Section
2.1 using the unit deviation method.
Classes

11 22

23 34

35 46

11

47 58

19

59 70

14

71 82

83 94

MEAN
Solution:
Classes

11 22

-3

-9

23 34

-2

-10

35 46

11

-1

-11

47 58

19

59 70

14

14

71 82

12

83 94

n = 60

fd

=2

MEDIAN

MEDIAN

Median
is a positional measure defined as the
middlemost value in the distribution
this value divides a given set of data into two
equal parts.

MEDIAN

Methods for finding the median:

1. Median for Ungrouped Data
2. Median for Grouped Data

MEDIAN

Median for Ungrouped Data

if n is odd
if n is even

EQN 3.5
EQN 3.6

MEDIAN
In the determination of the median of ungrouped data, it is always
a must that values be arranged in terms of magnitude either from
lowest to highest or vice versa.
Suppose a distribution contains 9 values. Then, the middlemost
value in that set of data shall be the fifth value since there will four
values below it and 4 values above it. If there are 10 values in the
distribution, then the value of the median shall be the average of the
5th and the 6th values.

MEDIAN
Example

1.
Find the median of the following values.
21, 10, 36, 42, 39, 52, 30, 25, 26

Solution:
Before identifying the value of the median, it is necessary that
the values be arranged in terms of magnitude. Thus, we have
10, 21, 25, 26, 30, 36, 39, 42, 52
Since n = 9 and is odd, then we shall use EQN 3.5. Hence,

Median for Grouped Data

Where

MEDIAN

MEDIAN

1.
2.
3.
4.

Steps to follow in finding the median for grouped data:

Get of the total number of values.

Determine the value of .
Determine the median class.
Determine the lower boundary and the frequency of the median
class and the size of the class interval.
5. Substitute the values obtained in steps 1 4 to EQN 3.7. Round
off the final result to two decimal places.

MEDIAN

Example 2.

Compute the value of the median of the examination scores of the students
in Statistics in Table 2.2, Section 2.1
Solution:
We shall first construct the less than cumulative frequency column.
Classes

<cumf

11 22

23 34

35 46

11

47 58

19

59 70

14

52

71 82

58

83 94

60

19
fm

38

cumfb
Median
Class

Solution:

1. Median class: 47 58

MEDIAN

MODE

MODE

Mode
is referred to as the most frequent value in the
distribution.
represented by symbol as x hat

MODE

Methods for finding the mode:

1. Mode for Ungrouped Data
2. Mode for Grouped Data

MODE

Mode for Ungrouped Data

In the case of ungrouped data, the value of the
mode can be obtained through inspection, thus, no
computation is needed. In some instances, the mode
might exist or it might not exist. If it exist, it can be
more than one value.

Example

1.

Consider the following sets of measurements.

A. 21, 23, 16, 15, 26, 27, 19, 24
B. 31, 21, 16, 15, 21, 27, 19, 18
C. 17, 25, 34, 25, 27, 19, 19, 24

Answer:
A. none

MODE

Mode for Grouped Data

Where

MODE

MODE

Steps to follow in finding the mode for grouped data:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Determine the modal class.

Get the value of
Get the value of
Get the lower boundary of the modal class.
Apply the formula by substituting the values obtained in the
preceding steps.

MODE

Example 2.

Consider the frequency distribution of the examination scores of sixty (60)

students in Table 2.2, Section 2.1. Compute the mode of that distribution.
Solution:
Classes

11 22

23 34

35 46

11

47 58

19

59 70

14

71 82

83 94

Modal Class

MODE

To get the value of and , we have

Substituting these values in EQN 3.8, we have

COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGES

COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGES

Although there are many types of averages, the three
measures that were discussed are considered the simplest and
the most important of all.
In the case of the mean, the following are some of the
observations that can be made.
a) The mean always exist in any distribution. This implies that
for any set of data the mean could always be computed.
b) The value of the mean in any distribution is unique. This
implies that for any distribution, there is only one possible
value of the mean.
c) In the computation for this measure, it takes into
consideration all the values in the distribution.

COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGES

In the case of the median, we have the following
observations.
a) Like the mean, the median also exists in any distribution.
b) The value of the median is also unique.
c) This is a positional measure.
For the third measure, the mode has the following
characteristics.
d) It does not always exist.
e) If the mode exists, it is not always unique.
f) In determining the value of the mode, it does not take into
account all the values in the distribution.

COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGES

COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGES

COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGES

QUANTILES

QUANTILES

We will now consider other methods of

summarizing a set of data aside from averaging
the distribution. Recall that in the case of the
median, this value simply divides the given
distribution into two equal parts. What if instead
of dividing the data into two equal parts, we
extend the division say to four, ten, or even one
hundred equal parts. Clearly, these value shall
be treated as extensions of the concept on
median. This values are called quartiles, deciles,
and percentiles.

QUANTILES

Quartiles
refer to the values that divide the
distribution into four equal parts.
there are 3 quartiles represented by Q1, Q2,

and Q3.

Q1

Q2

Q
3

QUANTILES

For grouped data, the procedure of computing

the value of the first and the third quartiles is
similar to that of computing the value of the
median. The computing formula of the kth
quartile where k = 1, 2, 3 is given by
Where
frequency of the kth quartile class

QUANTILES

It should be noted that when the value of k = 1, then EQN 3.9

shall become
When k = 2, then we have
When k = 3, then the computing formula for the third quartile
is

QUANTILES
Example 1:
Compute the value of the first quartile and the third quartile
of Table 2.2.
Solution: The frequency
is<cumf
reproduced below.
Classes distribution
f
11 22

23 34

35 46

11

19

47 58

19

38

59 70

14

52

71 82

58

83 94

60

QUANTILES

To compute the value of , we shall follow the procedure used

in computing the value of the median. Thus,
Steps:
1. Get of the total number of frequencies.
2. Get the value of the cumulative frequency before the first
quartile class.
3. Determine the first quartile class.
first quartile class: 35 46
4. Determine the lower boundary of the first quartile class.
5. Get the frequency of the first quartile class.

QUANTILES
6.

Substitute all values to EQN 3.10 and compute.

QUANTILES

To compute the value of the third quartile, we shall follow the

procedure used in computing the value of the first quartile. Thus,
Steps:
1. third quartile class: 59 70

QUANTILES

Deciles
refer to the values that divide the
distribution into ten equal parts.
there are 9 deciles represented by D1, D2,
D3D9

QUANTILES

For grouped data, the computing formula is

patterned after the formula for the value of the
median or quartiles as shown below.
Where

QUANTILES

Percentiles
refer to the values that divide the
distribution into one hundred equal parts.
there are 99 percentiles represented by P1,
P2, P3P99

QUANTILES

For grouped data, the computing formula is

patterned after the formula for the value of the
median or quartiles as shown below.
Where

THE END

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