Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
LASERS
L
A
S
E
R
Light
Amplification by
Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation
WHAT IS A LASER ?
AMPLIFICATION
Is a part of a process that occurs
inside the laser
An optical cavity is at the center of
the laser device & the core is
comprised of chemical elements,
molecules or compounds Active
Medium
Lasers are generically named for the
material of the active medium
Gas, Crystals or Semi-Conductors
AMPLIFICATION
Gas Co2 & Argon
Solid state semi conductors :
With metals like Gallium, Aluminum, Indium,
Arsenic
With solid rods of garnet crystal growth with
various combinations of Yytrium, Aluminum,
Scandium, Gallium and then doped with
elements of Chromium, Neodynium or Erbium.
AMPLIFICATION
The crystal or gas is excited to emit
photons of a characteristic wavelength
These ware amplified and filtered to
make a coherent beam
The effect of this energy depends on
whether or not the WL of the energy is
absorbed by the surface or not
STIMULATED EMISSION
Quantum theory of Max Planck &
Neils Bohr
Smallest unit of energy
It can be absorbed by electrons,
cause brief excitation and then the
quatum is released Process called
as Spontaneous Emission
RADIATIO
N
LASER DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
Two delivery systems that are
employed
1. Hollow Waveguide or Tube
2. G LA SS FIB ER O P TIC C A B LE
More flexible than waveguide
Less weight and less resistance in movement
Smaller diameter (200-600 m)
Glass component is encased in a resilient sheath
Fragile & cant be bent in sharp angles
Used in contact and non-contact mode
Glass Fiber
(Flexible)
Waveguide
(Tube)
Argon
Er
Diode
Cr:YSGG
Nd:YAG
Er:YAG
CO2
Fiber Optic
WAVEGUIDE
TUBE
Total
energy to
be
delivered
(Energy
density)
Rate &
Duration
of
exposure
(Pulse
Repetitio
n)
Mode of
energy
delivery
Light Amplification by
Stimulated
Emission of Radiation
Spontaneous emission
Stimulated emission
ENERGY LEVEL
DIAGRAM
E
1
LASER
The operation of
the Laser
E4
E3
E2
E1
The operation of
the Laser
E4
E3
E2
E1
absorption
The operation of
the Laser
E4
E3
E2
E1
Spontaneous emission
The operation of
the Laser
Spontaneous
emission
1. Incoherent light
2. Accidental direction
The operation of
the Laser
E4
E3
E2
E1
The operation of
the Laser
E4
E3
E2
E1
Stimulated emission
The operation of
the Laser
Light: Coherent, polarized
The stimulating and
emitted. photons have
the same:
Frequency,
Phase,
E2
h
h=E2-E1
E2
E1
absorption
Spontaneous
emission
E1
Stimulated
emission
TYPES OF LASER
1. Based on the mode of operation
(i) Pulsed Laser systems
(ii) High power Q-switched systems
(iii) Continuous wave Laser systems
2.Based on the mechanism in which Population
Inversion is achieved
(i) Three level lasers
(ii) Four level lasers
3.Based on state of active medium used
(i) Gas Laser
(ii) Solid state Laser
(iii) Semiconductor Laser
(iv) Tunable dye Laser
LASER FUNDAMENTALS
INCANDESCENT
VS LASER LIGHT
1. Many wavelengths
1. Monochromatic
2. Multidirectional
2. Directional
3. Incoherent
3. Coherent
LASER
COMPONENTS
Factors affecting
Laser classification
level
Wavelength
Continuous Wave or Pulsed Operation
Power or Pulse Energy
Repetition Rate (PRF)
Beam Diameter & Profile
Beam Divergence
LASING ACTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Lasing Action
Diagram
Excited State
Spontaneous
Energy Emission
Energy
Introduction
Metastable State
Stimulated Emission
of Radiation
Ground State
Key:
Wavelength (m)
0.193
0.222
0.248
0.308
0.351
0.325
0.337
0.441
0.476
0.488
0.510
0.514
0.528
0.532
0.543
0.568
0.570
UV = ultraviolet (0.200-0.400 m)
VIS = visible (0.400-0.700 m)
NIR = near infrared (0.700-1.400 m)
0.594
0.610
0.627
0.633
0.647
0.570-0.650
0.694
0.840
1.064
1.15
1.504
3.39
2.70
9.6
10.6
Laser Output
Pulsed Output (P)
Energy (Watts)
Energy (Joules)
Time
Time
watt (W) - Unit of power or radiant flux (1 watt = 1 joule per second).
Joule (J) - A unit of energy
Energy (Q) The capacity for doing work. Energy content is commonly used to characterize the output
from pulsed lasers and is generally expressed in Joules (J).
Irradiance (E) - Power per unit area, expressed in watts per square centimeter.
Wavelength
Blue: = 400
nm
Light is an electromagnetic
wave.
Different wavelengths in the
visible spectrum are seen by
the eye as different colors.
Red: = 700
nm
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Blue
Green
Yellow
Red
Visible
Gamma
Ray
X-ray
Short
Wavelength
Ultraviole
t
Infrared
Radio
Microwave
s
Radi
o
Long
Wavelength
STIMULATED EMISSION
Incident Photon
Incident Photon
Excited Atom
Stimulated Photon
same wavelength
same direction
in phase
SIMPLE EXAMPLE
OF LASER
APPLICATIO
NS
OF
LASERS
APPLICATION OF LASER
Many scientific, military,
medical and
commerciallaser
applicationshave been
developed since the invention
of thelaserin 1958. The
coherency, high
monochromaticity, and ability
SCIENTIFIC
In science, lasers are used in
Holographictechniques
DOPPLER
EFFECT
DOPPLER SHIFT
RED SHIFT
BLUE SHIFT
COSMOLOGICAL GRAVITATIONAL
LASER COOLING
The use of Lasers to
achieve extremely
low temperatures
has advanced to the
temperatures of 10e9 K.
These laser cooling
can be used for
transmitting power
without any loss
from power station
to sub station
COMMUNICATION
AT PRESENT
The speed of the
communication is
high,
But still the
communication with
the outer world is still
lagging.
IN FUTURE
Using LASER the
communication to
other galaxy is
COMPUTING
SPEEDS
MILITARY
DEFENCE
1. Find Target
2. Confirm Threat
3. Prepare to Fire
4. Destroy Missile
MILITARY
Militaryuses of lasers
METEOROIDS
ATTACKS
LASER IN
We are proposing our own idea for the
use of AUTOMOBILES
laser light in automobiles. All
MATERIAL PROCESSING
Laser cutting,
LASER COOLING
A technique that has recent success
MEDICAL
periodontic
procedures,tooth whitening,
OTHER APPLICATIONS
Cuttingandpeeningof metals and other
INDUSTRIAL AND
Levelling of ceramic tiles floor
COMMERCIAL
with a laser device
beam and a receiver which will switch on or off when the beam is
interrupted, and because a laser can keep the light intensity over
larger distances than a normal light, and is more precise than a
normal light it can be used for product detection in automated
production.
Laser alignment
Additive manufacturing
Inconsumer electronics,telecommunications, and
concerts.
Digital minilabs
Barcode readers
Laser engravingof printing plate
Laser bondingof additive marking
materials for decoration and identification,
LASER POINTERS:
Holography
Bubblegrams
Photolithography
Optical communications(over
optical fiberor infree space)
Optical tweezers
Writingsubtitlesontomotion picture
films.[18]
Space elevator, a possible solution
transfer energy to theclimbersbylaser
ormicrowavepower beaming
3D laser scannersfor accurate 3D
IS
LASER
DANGER ?
aser-Professionals.com
LASER CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM
Approx. Power Limits for CW
Visible Wavelengths Only
Class 4
0.5W
Class 3B
5mW
Class 3R
0.5W
Class 2M
1mW
Class 2
Visible wavelengths only
0.5W
220W to 0.4W
Class 1M
Class 1
Class 4
0.5 W
Class 3B
5 mW
Class 3A
1 mW
Class 2
Visible wavelengths only
220W to 0.4W
Class 1
No precautions
required
LASER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
BY CLASSIFICATION
Class 1 Lasers :
- Safe
Class 1M Lasers:
- No viewing aids
Class 2 Lasers :
response
Class 2M Lasers:
response
aids
Class 3R Lasers :
aids,
(also old Class 3A lasers)
- No Staring, No viewing
Unsafe outside visible
LASER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
BY CLASSIFICATION,
CONTINUE.
Class 3B Lasers :
Class 4 Lasers :
for
A NOTE ABOUT
EYE SAFE LASERS
.Lasers
LASER
CONTROLS
PPE
The main form of protective equipment
is protective eyewear, but when using
Class 4 lasers protective clothing and
footwear must also be worn
THANK
YOU
REFERENCES