TS 4001: Lecture Summary 8

Marine Gas Turbines

LM2500

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

Marine Gas Turbines

Advantages
Much higher power-to-weight ratio than steam or diesel plants
Much higher power density (power/volume) than steam or diesel plants
Short time from start-up to full power
Highly responsive in tactical maneuvering
Fuel efficient at rated power
Ease of operation and maintenance
Extremely reliable
Quiet
Modular installation and replacement
Disadvantages
Large intake and uptake volumes
Poor fuel efficiency at light loading
High exhaust temperature (IR signature)

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

Ideal Gas Turbine Cycle

Simple open cycle based on ideal Brayton cycle
Isentropic (constant entropy) compression ( - )
Adiabatic (constant pressure) heat addition ( - )
Isentropic expansion ( - )
Adiabatic cooling ( - )

Real cycle is non-isentropic due to compressor and turbine losses

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

Simple Open Cycle Gas Turbine

Intake
Combustor
Power Turbine
Compressor Turbine

Output Shaft

Gas Generator Shaft

HP Turbine
Exhaust

Intake air is compressed by compressor turbine

Compressed air enters combustor where it mixes with fuel and the mixture is burned,
adding heat to the system
Combustion gasses enter high pressure turbine, which turns gas generator shaft, which
powers the compressor turbine
Combustion gasses then enter power turbine, which turns output shaft, and then are
exhausted

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

Gas Turbine Cycles

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

Simple

Exhaust
Gas

Air Intake

Gas Generator
Turbine

Compressor

Output
Shaft

Combustion
Chamber
Power
Turbine

22 February

Fuel

Marine Gas Turbines

 and ICR Cycles

Power
Turbine
Air Intake

Gas Generator
Turbine

Compressor

Output
Shaft

Combustion
Chamber
Fuel

Regenerator

Intercooler

Cooling Water
Exhaust
Gas

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

Gas Turbine Shaft Types

Single Shaft
One shaft drives both the compressor and the load
Harder to start since entire engine is mechanically connected to the drive train
Split Shaft
Compressor and gas-generator turbine share a common shaft
Power turbine is decoupled and drives output shaft independently
Gas generator section not affected by changes in propeller loading
LM-2500 and Marine Spey Series are split shaft engines
Twin-Spool
Two stage compressor, each stage driven by separate turbine
Gas generator shaft is actually a low pressure shaft turning inside a hollow
high-pressure shaft
More complex and larger than split shaft engine
USCG Hamilton class uses Pratt Whitney FT-4 twin-spool engines

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

Compressor Types
Centrifugal
Single entry or dual-entry impellers
Air accelerates radially outward from the hub to the diffuser
Rugged, simple in design, relatively light weight
Large frontal area, lower efficiency, hard to use more than one stage
Axial Flow
Uses several stages of rotor and stator pairs, with decreasing diameter from front to
rear
Easy to vary compression ratio by adding or removing stages
Stators can be fixed or variable pitch
Most commonly used type for propulsion gas turbines

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

10

Axial Flow Compressor

Simple-cycle, two-shaft design.

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

11

Combustion Chamber Types

Can
Each fuel nozzle mounted inside an individual chamber or can
Cans are mounted around axis of engine
Used on engines with centrifugal compressors
Annular
Fuel nozzels mounted in single liner around engine
Holes and slots admit combustion and cooling air
Very efficient and more compact
Used on engines with axial compressors
Can-Annular
Small annular cans placed around axis of engine
Outer can contains smaller cans
Each inner can admits fuel and combustion air
Greater structural strength, minimal pressure drop due to shorter length
Used with twin-spool compressors

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

12

Annular Combustor Liner

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

13

Fuel Consumption

SFC about 0.38 to 0.40 lb/hp-hr at full rated power, but rises rapidly below
10,000 BHP
SFC map graphs BHP and SFC vs. power turbine speed (NPT)
SFC must be corrected to account for intake and exhaust duct losses and inlet
temperature and pressure

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

14

Commonly Used Gas Turbines

General Electric LM2500
First used by US Navy on Spruance class destroyers
Now used in FFG-7, DD-993, CG-47, DDG-51, AOE-6
Currently rated by the Navy at 29,500 HP
LM2500-30, LM2500-20, LM500, LM1600, LM5000, LM6000
Rolls-Royce Marine Spey Series
Used in UK, Dutch, Japanese navies
SM-1 rated at about 26,000 bhp
Allison 570-K/571-K and 501-K
Used in Navy ship service gas turbine generators
8,200 bhp for 571-K, up to 7,400 hp for 501-K
Pratt-Whitney
FT-4 used in USCG Hamilton class

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

15

LM2500 Marine Gas Turbines

LM2500 most commonly used marine gas turbine
Almost 500 USN and four commercial US shipboard installations
Over 350 foreign shipboard installations
Simple Cycle
29,500 HP at 3,600 rpm (USN rating @ 100 F and 4/6 inches H20)
16-stage axial flow compressor, 17:1 pressure ratios
Variable stators in first six stages
Split-shaft design
Annular combustor
Two-stage HP turbine and six-stage power turbine
Mounted in enclosure
Shock, blast, noise, temperature isolation
Pre-wired, pre-piped, factory tested
Total weight 44,000 lbs (dry) including enclosure
312 long x 96 wide x 108 high (1,872 cuft)

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

16

LM 2500

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

17

LM 2500+

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

18

LM 6000

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

19

LM2500 Characteristics

ENGINE SHP

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

20

LM2500 Characteristics (cont.)

Corrections to specific fuel
consumption for duct losses

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

21

LM2500 Characteristics (cont.)

Corrections for ambient
temperature

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

22

LM2500 Characteristics (cont.)

Corrections to rating
for duct losses

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

23

Special Cycle Gas Turbines

Recuperated (Regenerative) Cycle
Compressed air is ducted through heat exchanger with exhaust, capturing heat
energy which would otherwise be lost, before entering combustor
Increases thermal efficiency of cycle
Recuperator

Exhaust
Intake

Combustor

Output Shaft

Gas Generator Shaft

HP Turbine

Power Turbine

Intercooled Recuperative (ICR) Cycle

Adds intercooler between low and high pressure compressors
Fuel rate can approach that of a diesel engine

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

24

Westinghouse WR-21 ICR Engine

Development
Navy-funded development program
Heavy lobbying effort against from GE
Recuperator troubles have caused delays
Keystone of Integrated Power System
Characteristics
29,050 BHP maximum
315 long x 104 wide x 180 high (3,413 cuft)
Recuperator 156 long x 104 wide x 76 high and 35,000 lbs
109,750 lbs (dry) total weight including enclosure and recuperator
Predicted SFC 17% to 40% lower than simple cycle
Higher acquisition cost than LM2500

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

25

GE LM2500R Recuperative
Development
Joint GE/USN development from 1991-1992
GE continued independently since 1993
NAVSEA DDG-51/CG-47 LM2500R installation study 1994
Characteristics
29,500 BHP maximum @ 3,600 rpm
Predicted SFC 23% to 37% lower than LM2500
No changes to compressor
LM6000 combustor
Rebladed HP and power turbines
Variable area fuel nozzles
Modified casing
Two-core Solar Primary Surface Recuperator (already 100 in service)
Recuperator 150 long x 120 wide x 54 high and 25,000 lbs
69,000 lbs (dry) total weight including enclosure and recuperator

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

26

Additional Reading

1.8.1 DD 963 Power Plant (D. A. Rains).

1.8.2 Fuel Saving Warship Drives (S. Ashley).

22 February

Marine Gas Turbines

27