Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Concrete
2015
Universiti
Kebangsaan
Malaysia
LECTURE 9
Year 1 : Semester 1 : 2015/2016
Architecture, as a form of understanding of the culture of art and science that encompasses virtual
and reality existences, was never meant to be understood in its totality in a single spectrum. Within
graphical information one must also read with the layering of mixed issues blended within, be it social,
economical, political, geographical, theoretical, structural etc. In the cultivation of such
understanding, the Architect is expected to develop his sensitivity towards thousands of issues within
himself. As such, learning Architecture will be a life long process.
introduction
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Concrete Basics
Proportioning
Properties of Fresh Concrete
Problems in Fresh Concrete
Production Process of Concrete
Properties of Hardened Concrete
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Concrete block
Concrete Basics
Concrete is a
heterogeneous
material
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Culvert
Cement or Concrete?
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Constituents of Concrete
Mixture of paste and aggregates
Paste 30 to 40%
Portland cement 7% to 15% by Vol.
Water 14% to 21% by Vol.
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Aggregates 60% to 70%
Coarse aggregates (gravel)
Fine aggregates (natural sand or crushed stone)
with
Admixtures
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Cement
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Cement
01: Functions
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Cement
When mixed with water, the cement paste will lose its
plasticity and become a solid. The process of this
chemical reaction between cement and water is called
hydration.
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Cement
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Cement
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Cement
04: Cont.
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Cement
04: Cont.
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Water
01: Functions
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Water
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Water
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Aggregates
01: Introduction
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Aggregates
1. By source
Natural material e.g. gravel, rock and sand.
Artificial or synthetic material.
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2. By density
Normal weight aggregate
Lightweight aggregate
Heavyweight aggregate
5mm or less
>5mm
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Aggregates
1. Reduced costs.
Easily accessible and are much cheaper than cement.
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Aggregates
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Admixtures
01: Functions
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Admixtures
1. Accelerator
Speed up setting to increase the rate of early strength
development.
Used when concreting at low temperature or for urgent repair
works.
2. Retarder
Slow down the rate of hydration so as to reduce the heat
evolved during hydration.
Suitable for concreting in hot weather or for long hauls during
transportation of fresh concrete.
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Admixtures
02: Cont.
3. Air-entraining Agents
These are foaming agents, which entrap millions of stable,
closely spaced air bubbles.
Provide greater workability with less water; help to reduce
bleeding and increased durability.
Used when higher workability is needed for easier placing, and
better flow for concrete pump lines.
4. Water Reducers
Reduce the amount of water necessary to produce a concrete of
a given workability.
Achieve higher strength, reduce the possibility of excess water
evaporation, which leaves voids in the concrete, and reduce
bleeding.
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Admixtures
02: Cont.
5. Damp-proofing Agents
Prevent water movement by capillary action or the ability of
concrete to absorb and pass water.
Do not make concrete waterproof but they minimize its
absorption of water.
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Admixtures
02: Continue
7. Pozzolanic Materials
These are added as admixtures in place of a portion of Portland
cement.
Used to reduce the heat generated in setting and improving
concrete resistance against salt, sulphate or acid water attack.
8. Super-Plasticisers
Used mainly to increase workability, even to the extent of selfleveling concrete mix.
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Proportioning
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Proportioning
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Chapel of Ronchamp
Notre Dame du Haut
by
Le Corbusier
Workability
Ease of placement.
Resistance to segregation.
Homogeneous mass.
Consistency
Ability to flow.
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Fresh Concrete
01: Workability
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Fresh Concrete
1. Water-cement Ratio
An increase in water content of the mix (i.e. higher w/c ratio)
will increase the workability of the fresh concrete but reduces
the strength of the hardened concrete.
2. Aggregate-cement Ratio
A rich mix (i.e. lower aggregate-cement ratio) which contains a
higher proportion of cement is more workable than a lean mix
i.e. lesser cement.
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Fresh Concrete
02: Cont.
3. Type of Aggregate
The shape, size and grading of aggregate will also affect
workability. For example, flaky and elongated aggregates will
require more water for a given workability due to greater
surface area of aggregate and rough texture, which reduces
mobility.
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Fresh Concrete
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Fresh Concrete
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Fresh Concrete
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Fresh Concrete
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Fresh Concrete
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Fresh Concrete
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01: Segregation
Segregation is the separation of the constituents in a
concrete mix such that their distribution is no longer
uniform.
This will affect the strength of hardened concrete.
The primary cause of segregation is differences in
particle size and specific gravity of the mix
constituents.
Segregation occurs under the following
circumstances:
a. long distance in transporting concrete to its final
position.
b. Dropping concrete from a high level.
c. Spreading a heap of concrete using a vibrator.
d. Too much vibration.
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02: Bleeding
Bleeding is a form of segregation in which some of the
water in the mix tends to rise to the surface of freshly
placed concrete.
This is caused by the inability of the solid constituents
of the mix to hold all of the mixing water when they
settle downwards.
It results in having a top layer, which is porous and
weak.
May be prevented by:
a. careful selection of fine aggregates.
b. reducing water content in the mix.
c. using a drier mix to complete the pour.
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01: Batching
02: Mixing
The object of mixing is to coat the surfaces of all
aggregates with cement paste and to blend all
ingredients of concrete into a uniform mass.
This may be by hand-mixing or machine-mixing.
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03: Transporting
Two important precautions during the transportation of
concrete are:
a. concrete should be transported in such a way that
there is no segregation.
b. under no circumstances should water be added to
the concrete during its passage from mixer to
formwork.
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04: Placing
Precautions to be taken while placing concrete:
a. Foreign matters in the formwork must be removed
before placing.
b. Formwork should be treated with a release agent
before concreting to allow easy stripping.
c. To avoid segregation, concrete should not be
dropped from a height of more than 1m.
d. Concrete should be laid continuously to avoid
irregular and unsightly lines.
e. No concreting during raining.
f. Avoid disturbance to freshly placed concrete and
formwork.
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05: Compaction
The main aim of compaction is to eliminate air
bubbles so as to give maximum density to the
concrete.
Compaction can be done either manually or
mechanically.
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06: Curing
This is process of keeping the setting concrete damp,
so that complete hydration of cement is brought out.
Curing will:
a. provide better strength.
b. Reduce drying shrinkage of cement.
c. Decrease permeability and improve durability of
concrete.
Two main methods of curing:
a. Supplying additional moisture by flooding, ponding
or sprinkling of water.
b. Preventing loss of moisture from concrete by using
a mechanical barrier of water retarding paper or
plastic film to prevent evaporation.
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Strength
Compressive strength 20008000 psi.
Tensile strength 200-800 psi
Flexural strength
Compression >> tension
since concrete is notch
sensitive
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2. Density of Concrete
This depends on the density of the fine and coarse aggregates.
Insufficient compaction will also reduce the density of the
concrete.
3. Age of Concrete
Hydration of cement increases with time.
Therefore, in determining the strength of concrete, the age at
which the test is conducted must be noted. Usually it is tested
for 28 days.
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02: Cont.
4. Type and Quality of Cement
The type of cement will influence the strength of concrete as
different types of cement gain strength at different rates.
Cement should be fresh and should not be used after storing for
more than 3 months.
5. Curing Conditions
To gain its ultimate strength, concrete must be kept moist
continuously so that full hydration of cement is achieved.
Therefore, the length of moist curing will affect the strength i.e.
the longer the concrete is kept in a moist condition, the more
complete is the hydration process and the greater is the
strength reached.
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02: Cont.
6. Temperature
A higher temperature during setting and placing of concrete will
adversely affect the later strength because the rapid hydration
of cement during the initial stage will result in a poor physical
structure which is porous and unevenly distributed.
7. Quality of Water
Impurities in the mixing water, which affect the hydration of
cement, will reduce the strength of concrete.
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02: Cont.
8. Texture and Shape of Aggregate
The strength depends on the properties of the coarse aggregate
i.e. a smooth and rounded aggregate will lead to cracking at
lower loads than rough and angular aggregate.
This is due to bonding between the aggregate and cement
paste, which is influenced by the surface properties of
aggregate.
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02: Cont.
9. Method of Preparation
Concrete must be mixed, transported, placed and cured
properly if it is to achieve its full potential.
The materials must be adequately mixed to ensure uniform
distribution and placed in the final position without segregation,
bleeding or honeycombing.
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03: Durability
Durability is defined as the ability of the concrete to
withstand the surrounding conditions without
deterioration.
It is dependant on:
a. water-cement ratio
b. cement content
c. degree of compaction
Durability can be improved with:
a. lower water-cement ratio
b. higher densities
c. extended moist curing
d. lower permeability