CHEE 305:

Transport
Phenomena
Chapter 7: Internal Flow Applications
William M. Chirdon, Ph.D.

Note:
There are significant errors/clarifications in Ch 7:
http://www.crcpress.com/downloads/DK1703/Errata%202ndEd-2.pdf

Errata

 Ch 6 was based on round pipes

Many of the equations can be approximately applied by
using a hydraulic diameter
(even better assumption when turbulent)

Non-circular conduits

 Dh = 4 A / Wp = 2 h

For Newtonian:

Flow in a slit

 Dh = 4 h

For Newtonian:

Flow in a film

 Dh = Do - Di

For Newtonian:

Flow in an annulus

Laminar
Flow in
various
conduits

Note:
Since the area is
non-circular,
Some of the
relationships
between Q and Re
used in Ch 6 do not
apply.

Flow in an annulus

 Common problem: Find the most economic diameter

Considering:
Capital cost of pipe (CCP)
Capital cost of pump stations (CCPS)
Energy cost to power pumps (EC)

Most Economical Diameter

Capital Cost of Pipe

Pump + Energy Cost

Pump + Energy Cost

Differentiating total cost to find the minimum, we get:

Should not change significantly with time if energy costs inflate

as the same rate as capital costs.

Total Cost

Difficult to calculate, since f depends on D.

Some options: (see Example 7-1)
- use method described on p. 203
- use eqn 7-26, 27, 28
- use spreadsheets, software, or graphic calculator.

For Non-Newtonian: similar process, different equations

Total Cost

 Pick a time frame for the total cost analysis (3, 5, 10, etc year)
Assemble total cost function including initial (capital) costs
and costs over time
Find minimum of total cost equation using
Calculus
Plotting (Excel/Calculator)
Solver (Excel/Calculator)

Total Cost Chirdon Method

 Many ways/sources to get Kf

In general, models with more parameters are more accurate
Textbooks mention models with 1-3 parameters.

Loss Coefficient - Kf

 Equivalent L/D method: equates energy loss to the frictional

losses of an equivalent length of pipe
Crane Method: uses fully turbulent fT
2-K (Hooper) Method: uses 2 fitting parameters and Nre
3-K (Darby) Method: uses 3 fitting parameters and NRe

Loss Coefficient - Kf

(see corrections from errata)

Loss Coefficient - Kf

>45

(see corrections from errata)

Loss Coefficient - Kf

 For Non-Newtonian, very difficult to model

Can approximate by using appropriate Reynolds number for
fluid (eqn 7-40,41)

Loss Coefficient - Kf

 Simply add loss coefficients for fittings to energy loss summation

Otherwise similar to previous pipe flow problems where an iterative

procedure can be chosen based on the knowns and unknowns (see text)

Pipe Flow Fittings

 Applies to flow over a hill where there is a siphoning effect

Slack flow occurs where there the driving force exceeds the
friction loss
The pump needs to push fluid to the top of the hill, gravity
can do the rest
(note: proper pump placement)

Slack Flow

 If the vapor pressure is never exceeded, Bernoulis can easily

be applied from point 1 to 3.
If the vapor pressure is exceeded, Bernoulis does not
directly apply, and the vaporization needs to be accounted for
since from 2 to 3, there will be vapor/vacuum in the line.
Pump head to get from 1 to 2:

Slack Flow

 For a full, completely liquid flow:

Slack flow occurs when:

Slack Flow

 Slack flow can be modeled as:

X
Error: (1 - /R)

Also requires iterative calculation or similar technique

(see p. 223 for method and Ex 7-2)

Slack Flow

 Bernoulis Equation works on points in a stream line

Does not work where streams converge or diverge
Does work on continuous lines between such points:

Mass/Energy balance can be used at points of

convergence/divergence:
All equations need to be solved simultaneously for a solution
(Use of spreadsheet suggested)

Pipe Networks

Pipe Networks (Ex 7-3)

Manifold