AVIATION KNOWLEDGE

Presented by
Capt. M. Rafdi Samin
SSiT.MM

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I. AIRCRAFT
Aircraft Structure
Aerodynamic
Flight Control
Power Plant
Electrical System
Hydraulic System
Pressurization System
Fuel System
Flight /Navigation/Engine
Instruments
Aircraft Weight and Balance
Aircraft Performance
Communication / Navigation Aids

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER II. FLIGHT OPERATION
Flight Planning
Flight Dispatch
Aircraft Movement Control
Flight Tracking
Crew Schedule
Take off Profile
Flight Profile
Air Navigation

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER III. AIRPORT OPERATION
Land Side
Air Side
CHAPTER IV. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
Ground Control
Airport Control
Clearence Delivery
Approach & TerminalControl
Enroute / Area Control
Ground Radar System
Radar System

TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter V. AVIATION WEATHER
Aviation Weather Principle
Weather Radar Principle
Chapter VI. FUTURE NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Flight Management Computer ( FMS )

Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS )
Traffic Collision Avoiding System ( TCAS )
Required Navigation Performance ( RNP )
Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast ( ADS-B
Transponder Landing System ( TLS )
Extended Range Twin Engine Operations ( ETOPS )

TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter VII. AIRCRAFT EMENGENCY EQUIPMENT
Emergency Locator Transmiter (ELT)
Flight Data Recoeder ( FDR )
Cockpit Voice Recorder ( CVR )
Chapter VIII. AIRCRAFT GROUND HANDLING
Cabin Service
Catering
Ramp Service
Passenger Service
Flight Operations Service
Chapter IX. REGULATIONS
Chapter X.

GLOSSARY OF ABBRIVIATIONS

I. AIRCRAFT

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE

AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC

AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC

AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC
Wind Tunnel

FLIGHT CONTROL
The flying controls of an aircraft can be regarded as being
comprised of two sub-systems, namely the:
Primary flight control system (PFCS) which enables the
attitude and angular rate about each axis to be controlled,
and consists of the elevator, ailerons, and rudder (or their
equivalents, such as the elevons on a delta aircraft, or the
foreplanes with a canard configuration)
Secondary flight control system (SFCS), which permits the
aerodynamic configuration to be optimised for particular flight
conditions, and consists of such features as variable wing
sweep (to cover the Mach number range), flaps and slats (to
enhance lift and thereby improve manoeuvre capability and/or
reduce takeoff and landing speeds), and airbrakes (to
increase deceleration or rate of descent)

FLIGHT CONTROL

FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

FLIGHT CONTROL

FLIGHT CONTROL

FLIGHT CONTROL

FLY BY WIRE
Fly-by-wire(FBW) is a system that replaces the conventional
manual flight controlsof an aircraft with anelectronicinterface. The
movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals
transmitted by wires (hence the fly-by-wire term), and flight control
computers determine how to move theactuatorsat each control surface
to provide the ordered response. The fly-by-wire system also allows
automatic signals sent by the aircraft's computers to perform functions
without the pilot's input, as in systems that automatically help stabilize
the aircraft

FLY BY WIRE
Control Column

Side Stick

Power Plant
1. Piston engine

2. Turbo-prop

3. Jet engine

Power Plant

Power Plant
Auxiliary Power Unit
The primary purpose of an aircraft APU is to provide power to start the
main engines.
Auxiliary bleed power for start engine and air conditioning
Auxiliary electrical power for electrical supply to hydraulic and other
electrical systems (radio, navigation, lighting etc)

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

PRESURIZATION &
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

PRESURIZATION &
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

PRESURIZATION SYSTEM

FUEL SYSTEM

FLIGHT & NAVIGATION

INSTRUMENTS

AIRCRAFT WEIGHT

AIRCRAFT WEIGHT
1. Max Zero Fuel Weight ( MZFW)

: Limit by Aircraft struct

2. Max Take Off Weight ( MTOW ) : Limit by Aircraft Perform

3. Max Landing Weight ( MLW )
4. Basic Weight ( BW)

: Limit by Aircraft Struct

: Aircraft Weight

5. Operating EmptyWeight ( OEW ) : Aircraft Weight + Crew

6. Max Pay Load

: Max Load Carried

WEIGHT & BALANCE

AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
Take off Distance
WEIGHT
ALTITUDE
TEMPERATURE
(WAT Limit)

AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
Payload vs Range

COMMUNICATION
NAVIGATION AIDS

RADIO COMMUNICATION
High Frequency ( HF )
Very High Frequency
Ultra High Frequency

3 30 MHz
30 300 MHz
0,3 3 GHz

RADIO COMMUNICATION
Transmitter-Responder
Transponder
Aircraft have transponders to assist in identifying them on air traffic
controlradar; andcollision avoidance systemshave been developed to use
transponder transmissions as a means of detecting aircraft at risk of
colliding with each other.

RADIO COMMUNICATION
Selective-Calling (SelCal)
In internationalaviation,SELCALorSelCalis aselective-callingradiosystem
that can alert anaircraft's crewthat a ground radio station wishes to
communicate with theaircraft. SELCAL uses a ground-based encoder and
radio transmitterto broadcast an audio signal that is picked up by a decoder
and radio receiver on an aircraft. The use of SELCAL allows an aircraft crew to
be notified of incoming communications even when the aircraft's radio has been
muted. Thus, crewmembers need not devote their attention to continuous radio
listening.

RADIO NAVIGATION
Non Directional Beacon
NDB

VHF Omni Range

VOR/DME

Tactical Air Navigation

TACAN

VOR
ADF/NDB

RADIO NAVIGATION
Instrument Landing System
ILS
Aninstrument landing system(ILS) is a ground-based
instrument approachsystem that provides precision guidance to
anaircraftapproaching and landing on arunway, using a
combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity
lighting
arrays
to
enable
a
safe
landing
during
instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as lowceilings
or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow

RADIO NAVIGATION
Instrument Landing System
ILS

CAT I:
DH>200 ft, RVR>2400 ft
CA T II:
100 ft <DH <200 ft, RVR>1200 ft
CAT III:
in general DH<100 ft and RVR<700 ft, but there
are different sub-classes ABC. CAT III C dosn't require and DH or
RVR, an aircraft with CAT IIIc can landing with no visual, only
using instruments
DH : Decision Height
RVR : Runway Visual Range

ICE PROTECTION
Types of Ice Removal
Anti-Icing
Preemptive, turned on before the flight enters
icing conditions
Includes: thermal heat, prop heat, pitot heat,
fuel vent heat, windshield heat, and fluid
surface de-icers
De-Icing
Reactive, used after there has been significant
ice build up
Includes surface de-ice equipment such as
boots, weeping wing systems, and heated
wings

ICE PROTECTION

COCKPIT

Flight Instrument
Engine Instrument
Radio communication
Navigation
Weather Radar
Electrical System
Fuel System
Pneumatic System
Engine Start System
Hydraulic System

Front Panel/
Pedelstal

Overhead Panel

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
(COCKPIT)
Classic Cockpit

Glass Cockpit

COCKPIT

COCKPIT GLASS

COCKPIT OVERHEAD

II. FLIGHT OPERATIONS

Flight Planning
Flight Dispatch
Aircraft Movement Control
Flight Tracking
Crew Schedule
Take off Profile
Flight Profile

FLIGHT PLANNING

FLIGHT PLANNING
Conventional Flight Log

Computer Flight Log

FLIGHT PLANNING
FMS Flight Log

ICAO Flight Plan

FLIGHT DISPATCH

TAKE OFF PROFILE

TAKE OFF PROFILE

FLIGHT PROFILE

LANDING PROFILE

LANDING PROFILE

On touch-down:
Brakesapplied;
Power reduced;
Additional devices deployed (thrust reversers,
lift dump,ground spoilersetc.);
Directional control maintained.

AIR NAVIGATION

AIR NAVIGATION
Flight Management Computer

AIR NAVIGATION

III. AIRPORT OPERATION

LAND SIDE

AIR SIDE

AIR SIDE

AIR SIDE

AIR SIDE

AIR
SIDE
Runway
Runway

Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)

Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

IV. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC)

GROUND CONTROL

AIRPORT CONTROL

LOCAL CONTROL / AIR

CONTROL

FLIGHT DATA / CLEARENCE

DELIVERY

APPROACH and TERMINAL

CONTROL

ENROUTE, CENTER / AREA

CONTROL
Flight Information Region
FIR

RADAR SYSTEM

Ground Radar System

FLIGHTRADAR

FLIGHTRADAR

FLIGHTRADAR

V. AVIATION WEATHER

Aviation Weather Principle

Enroute Weather

Upper Wind

Aviation Weather
Principle

Aviation Weather Principle

Aviation Weather Principle

Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
Surface Wind
Temperature
Barometric Pressure
Clouds
Dew Point

: Direction and Speed

: Surface Temperature
: Sea Level
: Type and Octave
: Cooled Humid Air

Weather Radar System

VI. FUTURE NAVIGATION

SYSTEM

Future Navigation

Flight Management System ( FMS )

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS )
Traffic Collision Avoiding System ( TCAS )
Required Navigation Performance ( RNP )
Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (
Transponder Landing System ( TLS )
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum ( RVSM
Extended Twin Engine Operations ( ETOPS )

Future Navigation

Flight Management System (FMS) is a fundamental part of a modern

airliner's avionics.

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, using the GPS,
GLONASS, Galileo or Beidou system, are used in many applications.

Traffic Collision Avoiding System

TCAS

ADVANCE NAVIGATION
SYSTEM
Required Navigation Performance (RNP) is a type of
performance-based navigation (PBN) that allows an aircraft to
fly a specific path between two 3-dimensionally defined points
in space. RNAV and RNP systems are fundamentally similar.

ADS-B - Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)

is a cooperative surveillance technique for air traffic control and
related applications being developed as part of the
Next Generation Air Transportation System(NextGen). Australia is
the first country with full, nationwide ADS-B coverage.

A Transponder Landing System (TLS) is an all-weather, precision

landing system that uses existing airborne transponder and
instrument landing system (ILS) equipment to create a
precision approach at a location where an ILS would normally not be
available

AIRSPACE & ADVANCE NAVIGATION

SYSTEM
RNP

TLS

AIRSPACE & ADVANCE NAVIGATION

SYSTEM
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum

AIRSPACE & ADVANCE NAVIGATION

ETOPS
60 circles
KHI

BOM
SLL

JIB

CMB

NBO

Non ETOPS flight

AIRSPACE & ADVANCE NAVIGATION

SYSTEM
What is the meaning of ETOPS?
Extended range with Twin engine aircraft
OPerationS

What is the scope of ETOPS?

Operation of twin engine aircraft on routes
that go
further than 1 hour from a
diversion airfield

AIRSPACE & ADVANCE NAVIGATION

ETOPS
120 circles
KHI

BOM
SLL

JIB

NBO

CMB

ETOPS
flight

VII. AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY

EQUIPMENT

EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER

ELT

Flight Data Recorder / Cockpit

Voice Recorder
FLIGHT DATA RECORER

COCKPIT VOICE RECORDER

Flight Data Recorder /

Cockpit Voice Recorder
Aflight data recorder(FDR) (alsoADR, foraccident data
recorder) is an electronic device employed to record any
instructions sent to any electronic systems on an aircraft. It
is a device used to record specificaircraftperformance
parameters.

Impact Shock 3400G, 6.5 milliseconds

Penetration Resistance 500 lb. weight from 10 feet
Static Crush 5000 lbs., 5 minutes
High Temperature Fire 1100C, 30 minutes
Low Temperature Fire 260C, 10 hours (per ED-56a)
Deep Sea Pressure and 20,000 feet, 30 days
Sea Water/Fluids Immersion Per ED-55

Flight Data Recorder /

Cockpit Voice Recorder
Acockpit voice recorder(CVR), often referred to
as a "black box",is aflight recorderused to record
the audio environment in theflight deckof an
aircraftfor the purpose of investigation of accidents
and incidents. This is typically achieved by
recording the signals of the microphones and
earphones of the pilots headsets and of an area
microphone in the roof of the cockpit.

Flight Data Recorder / Cockpit

Voice Recorder

VIII. AIRCRAFT GROUND HANDLING

CABIN SERVICE
Cabin Service
The primary aim of this service offering is to ensure passenger
comfort. While cabin cleaning comprises the bulk of the effort,
it also includes tasks such as replenishing onboard
consumables (soap, tissues, toilet paper, reading materials) and
washable items like pillows and blankets

CATERING
Cateringincludes the unloading of unused food and drink from the
aircraft, and theloadingof fresh food and drink for passengers
and
crew.Airline mealsare
typically
delivered
in
Airline service trolleys.Empty or trash-filled trolley from the
previous flight are replaced with fresh ones. Meals are prepared
mostly on the ground in order to minimize the amount of
preparation (apart from chilling or reheating) required in the air

RAMP SERVICE
Guiding the aircraft into and out of the parking position (by way of
aircraft marshalling),
Towing withpushbacktractors
Lavatorydrainage
Water cartage (typically non-potable for lavatory sink use)
Air conditioning(more common for smaller aircraft)
Airstart units (for starting engines)
Luggage handling, usually by means ofbeltloadersandbaggage carts
Gate checked luggage, often handled on the tarmac as passengers
disembark
Air cargohandling, usually by means of cargo dollies and cargo loaders
Cateringtrucks
Refueling, which may be done with a refueling tanker truck or refueling
pumper
Ground power (so that engines need not be running to provide aircraft
power on the ground)
Passenger stairs (used instead of anaerobridgeorairstairs, some
budget airlines use both to improve turnaround speed)

Parking

Cargo High Loader

Towing

Stair

PASSENGER SERVICE
Providing check-in counter services for the passengers departing on the
customer airlines.
Providing gate arrival and departure services. The agents are required
to meet a flight on arrival as well as provide departure services
including boarding passengers and closing the flight.
Staffing the transfer counters, customer service counters and airline
lounges.

FLIGHT OPERATION SERVICE

This service dispatches the aircraft, maintains communication
with the rest of the airline operation at the airport and with
Air Traffic Control

IX. REGULATIONS
ICAO
Civil Aviation Safety Regulations
DKUPPU

CASR

Air Operator
Airport
ATC
A/C Maintenance

Annex/Part

Training
Operator Certificate
Ground Handling
Dangerous Goods

REGULATIONS

ICAO - The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a

specialized agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and
techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and
development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly
growth. Its headquarters are located in the Quartier International of
Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices

concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, Flight inspection, prevention
of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for
international civil aviation. In addition, the ICAO defines the protocols for
air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in
countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation,
commonly known as the Chicago Convention.

The ICAO should not be confused with the International Air Transport
Association (IATA), a trade organization for airlines also headquartered in
Montreal, or with the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO),
an organization for Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP's) with its
headquarters at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in the Netherlands.

CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY REGULATION

CASR
CASR
CASR

1
11

CASR
CASR

21
23

CASR

25

CASR
CASR

27
29

CASR
CASR
CASR

31
33
34

CASR
CASR

35
36

CASR
CASR

39
43

CASR
CASR
CASR

45
47
57

DEFINITION AND ABBREVIATIONS

PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR AMMENDING AND
REPEALING OF, AND GRANTING OR DENYING PETITION
OF EXEMPTION, AND SPECIAL CONDITION FROM CIVIL
AVIATION SAFETY REGULATIONS
CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR PRODUCT AND PARTS
AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS : NORMAL, UTILITY, AEROBATIC,
AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AEROPLANE
AIRWORTHINESS STANDARD : TRANSPORT CATEGORY
AEROPLANE
AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS : NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT
AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS : TRANSPORT CATEGORY
ROTORCRAFT
AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS : MANNED FREE BALLOONS
AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS : AIRCRAFT ENGINE
FUEL VENTING AND EXHAUST EMISION REQUIREMENTS FOR
TURBINE ENGINE POWERED AEROPLANE
AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS : PROPLELLERS
NOISE STANDARD : AIRCRAFT TYPE AND AIRWORTHINESS
CERTIFICATION
AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVE
MAINTENANCE, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, REBUILDING AND
ALTERATION
IDENTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION MARKING
AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION
CERTIFICATION AND OPERATING REQUIREMENTS FOR
DISTRIBUTION OF AERONAUTICAL PROCEDURES

CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY REGULATION

CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR

61 LICENSING OF PILOTS AND FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS

63 CERTIFICATION OF FLIGHT CREW MEMBER OTHER THAN PILOT
65 LICENSING OF AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEER
67 MEDICAL STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION
69 AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES PERSONNEL LICENSING, RATING,
TRAINING AND PROFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS
91 GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES
92 SAFE TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR
101 MOORED BALLOONS, KITES, UNMANNED ROCKET AND
UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS
121 CERTIFICATION AND OPERATING REQUIREMENTS : DOMESTIC,
FLAG AND SUPPLEMENTAL AIR CARRIERS
129 OPERATION : FOREIGN AIR CARRIERS AND FOREIGN OPERATIONS
OF INDONESIA REGISTRATION AIRCRAFT
133 ROTORCRAFT EXTERNAL LOAD OPERATIONS
135 CERTIFICATIONAND OPERATING REQUIREMENT : COMMUTER
AND CHARTER AIR CARRIER
137 AGRICULTURE AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS
139 AERODROME
141 CERTIFICATION AND OPERATING REQUIREMENTS : FOR PILOT
SCHOOLS
142 CERTIFICATION AND OPERATING REQUIREMENTS : FOR TRAINING
CENTER
143 CERTIFICATION AND OPERATING REQUIREMENTS : FOR ATS
TRAINING PROVIDER
145 APPROVED MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION

CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY REGULATION

CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR
CASR

147 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TRAINING ORGANIZATION

170 AIR TRAFFIC RULES
171 AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION AND RADIO
NAVIGATION SERVICE PROVIDER
172 AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES PROVIDER
173 INSTRUMENT FLIGHT PROCEDURES DESIGN
175 AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES
183 REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL
ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTION ON VIOLATIONS OF
AIRWORTHINESS REGULATIONS
830 NOTIFICATION AND REPORTING OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT, ,
INCCIDENT, OR OVERDUE AIRCRAFT AND ACCIDENT/INCCIDENT
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES
SMS SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

X. GLOSSARY OF
ABBRIVIATIONS

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS

AD
AFM
AGL
ALAR
AMSL
AOC
ATC
ATIS
ATPL
ATS
ATSB
Avsec
BMG
BOM

Airworthiness Directive
Airplane Flight Manual
Above Ground Level
Approach-and-landing Accident Reduction
Above Mean Sea Level
Air Operator Certificate
Air Traffic Control
Automatic Terminal Information Service
Air Transport Pilot License
Air Traffic Service
Australian Transport Safety Bureau
Aviation Security
Badan Meterologi dan Geofisika
Basic Operation Manual

GLOSSARY OF
ABBREVIATIONS
C
CAMP

CASO
CASR
CPL
COM
CRM
CSN
CVR
DFDAU
DGCA
DME
EEPROM

Degrees Celsius
Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance
Program
Civil Aviation Safety Officer
Civil Aviation Safety Regulation
Commercial Pilot License
Company Operation Manual
Cockpit Recourses Management
Cycles Since New
Cockpit Voice Recorder
Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit
Directorate General of Civil Aviation
Distance Measuring Equipment
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory

GLOSSARY OF
ABBREVIATIONS

EFIS
EGT
EIS
FL

F/O

FDR
FOQA
GPWS
hPa (mb)
ICAO

IFR
IIC
ILS

Electronic Flight Instrument System

Exhaust Gas Temperature
Engine Indicating System
Flight Level
First officer or Copilot
Flight Data Recorder
Flight Operation Quality Assurance
Ground Proximity Warning System
Hectopascals (millibars)
International Civil Aviation Organization

Instrument Flight Rules

Investigator in Charge
Instrument Landing System

GLOSSARY OF
ABBREVIATIONS

Kg
Km
Kt
Mm
MTOW
NM
KNKT
NTSC
PIC
QFE
QNH

Kilogram(s)
Kilometer(s)
Knots (NM/hour)
Millimeter(s)
Maximum Take-off Weight
Nautical mile(s)
Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi
National Transportation Safety Committee
Pilot in Command
Height above aerodrome elevation (or runway
threshold elevation) based on local station
pressure
Atmospheric pressure at mean sea level

GLOSSARY OF
ABBREVIATIONS

TSN
TT/TD
TTIS
UTC
VFR
VMC

Time Since New

Ambient Temperature/Dew Point
Total Time in Service
Coordinated Universal Time
Visual Flight Rules
Visual Meteorological Conditions

ENJOY YOUR
AVIATION CAREER