UNIT-1

DC MACHINES

CONSTRUCTION
 PARTS OF DC MACHINE
Major parts of the machine are,

Magnetic frame or Yoke

Poles, interpoles, windings, pole shoes
Armature
Commutator
Brushes, Bearings and shaft.
CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF DC
MACHINE
MAGNETIC FRAME
It serves two purposes
protecting cover to the whole machine
and mechanical support to the poles
Allow the flux to pass through

Materials used
For small machine cast iron
For large machine cast steel
FIELD POLES
 FIELD POLES

To minimize the eddy current losses, the poles are lamina

 INTERPOLES
The interpoles are located at the geometric
neutral points midway between the main
poles and provide reversing magnetic field
of proper strength and polarity.

The interpole must have sufficient strength

to overcome the armature reaction and
provide a reversing field, therefore, it is
connected in series with the armature
winding.
ARMATURE
ARMATURE
 LOSSES OCCUR IN ARMATURE
Hysteresis losses
To reduce losses low hysteresis steel with
few percent of silicon is used in armature.

Eddy current losses

To minimize the losses, the armature core
is laminated.(stampings : 0.4mm
0.5mm thick)
BRUSHES AND
COMMUTATORS
 COMMUTATOR

The commutator converts the

alternating emf into unidirectional or
direct emf.

The armature coil leads are soldered

to each commutator segment by a
riser.
 BRUSHES
Made up of carbon or graphite,
collects the current from the
commutator and convey it to the
external load resistance.
BEARINGS
END BELLS
END BELLS
CUTAWAY VIEW
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
According to faradays
law
e = -N d/dt
Initially, e = 0
After time t,
e = -d/dt (N = 1)
= B lb cos
e = Em sint
(Em = B lb
)
UNIDIRECTIONAL OUTPUT
 INDUCED EMF EQUATION
Emf induced in the conductor = rate of
change of flux cut.
For 1 complete revolution = P webers
time = 60 / N
e = d /dt = P / (60/ N).
e = P N/ 60 volts
Z/A conductors in series in each parallel
path, then the emf induced is
Eg = ZN/ 60 *(P/A)
 INDUCED EMF EQUATION
Induced emf Eg = ZN/ 60 *(P/A)
For lap winging,
A=P, Eg = ZN/ 60
For wave winding,
A=2, Eg = ZN/ 60 *(P/2)
 Field Excitations of DC
generators
Type of DC Motors

Separately Excited generator

Self Excited generator

-- Permanent magnet generator

-- Shunt excited generator
-- Series excited generator
-- Compound excited generator
 Separately excited DC
generator
Field winding is excited by separate DC
supply
 Separately excited DC
generator
Field winding is excited by separate DC
supply
Armature current Ia = load current I L
Terminal voltage V = Eg Ia Ra Vbrush
Vbrush is drop across brush, low
value, so neglected.
Generated emf Eg = V + Ia Ra + Vbrush
 Self excited DC generator
Generator field winding is supplied from
the armature of the generator itself.
Excitation occurs due to presence of
residual flux in the poles.
Process: armature cut the residual flux,
small emf will induced, this produces small
field current in the field winding. Then flux
per pole increases. Then by cumulative
process, generator produces its rated
voltage.
 Series DC generator
Field winding is connected in series
with the armature.

Ia = Ise = IL
Eg = V + Ia Ra + Ia Rse + Vbrush
V = Eg - Ia Ra - Ia Rse Vbrush
Vbrush neglected (low value)
 Shunt DC generator
Field winding is connected across the
armature.
Eg = V + Ia Ra
V = Eg Ia Ra
Ish = V /Rsh
Ia = IL + Ish
 Compound DC generator
It consists of both shunt and series
field winding.
One winding in series (Rse) and other
winding is in parallel (Rsh) with the
armature.
Two types
long shunt compound generator
short shunt compound generator
 Long shunt compound
generator
Shunt field winding is connected across both
series field and armature winding

Ise = Ia = IL + Ish
Ish = V / Rsh
Eg = V + Ia (Ra + Rse) + Vbrush
V = Eg - Ia (Ra + Rse) Vbrush
Vbrush neglected (low value)
 Short shunt compound
generator
Shunt field winding is connected in parallel
with the armature and this combination is
series to series field winding
Ise = IL
Ia = Ise + Ish
Ish = V / Rsh
Eg = V + Ia Ra + Ise Rse + Vbrush
V = Eg - Ia Ra - Ise Rse Vbrush
Vbrush neglected (low value)
 Short shunt compound
generator
Voltage across shunt field winding = Ish Rsh
Ish Rsh = Eg Ia Ra Vbrush
Substitute Eg value in the above equation
Ish Rsh = V + Ise Rse
Shunt field current Ish = (V + Ise Rse)/ Rsh
Power developed in armature = Eg Ia
Power delivered to load = V IL
(power formula is same for all types of DC
generator )
 Characteristic of self excited
DC generator
Types of characteristics

1. open circuit characteristics (occ) or

magnetisation characteristics (Eg vs I f)
2. Internal characteristics or total
characteristics (E vs Ia)
3. External characteristics or voltage
regulated characteristics (V vs IL)
 DC series generator
Ia = Ise =IL
Curve 1 : OC characteristics
Curve 2 : Internal characteristics
(drop due to armature reaction)
Curve 3 : External characteristics
(drop due to armature resistance &
series field resistance)
Increase in IL, decreases the terminal voltage
V
V = E Ia (Ra + Rse)
 DC shunt generator
OCC
Due to residual magnetism, field
current is not zero initially.
Due to this voltage, field current
increases and emf also increases.
 DC shunt generator
Critical resistance (Rc)
A tangent line is drawn linear to
occ from origin.
Slope Rc = OM / ON; (Eg / If)
Conditions to build excitation
Presence of residual magnetism
Shunt field coil should be properly
connected to armature terminals
Shunt field resistance is less than Rc
 DC shunt generator
Ia = Ish + IL
Curve 1 : Ideal DC characteristics (IL , V =
const )
(Eg = V)
Curve 2 : Internal characteristics
(drop due to armature reaction)
Curve 3 : External characteristics
(drop due to armature resistance)
Increase in IL, decreases the terminal voltage V
V = E Ia Ra
 Compound generator
It consists of series field and shunt field
winding.

Curve 1 : Flat compound (Eg = V)

Flux drop in shunt field is compensated by
flux rise in series field
Curve 2 : over compound (V > Eg)
Series field excitation is more than shunt field
Curve 3 : under compound (V < Eg)
Series field excitation is less than shunt field
DC MOTOR
 Principle of operation
Construction of DC machines are
same.
Principle:

whenever a current carrying

conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a force tending
to move it
 Principle of operation
Magnitude of force experienced by
the conductor in a motor F = B I l
Newtons
where,
B = field density Wb/ m2
I = current in amperes
l = length of the conductor
in metres.
 Principle of operation
Direction of motion is given by
Flemings left hand rule

Thumb direction of motion of conductor

Fore finger direction of field
Middle finger direction of current

Three fingers are mutually perpendicular

to each other
 Back EMF
Due to generator action take place, emf
induced i.e even when the machine is
working as a motor, voltages are induced.
Back emf cause rotation which in turn
opposes the supply voltage. (Lenzs law)
Back emf = ZN / 60 (P / A) volts
Eb K N
Voltage of the dc motor V = Eb + Ia Ra
 Torque equation
Magnitude of torque developed by each
conductor T = B I l r Nm
Total torque developed by the armature
( Z conductors) Ta = B I l r Z Nm
I = Ia / a ; B=/A ; A = 2rl /
P
Ta = Z Ia P / 2 a Nm
Ta = K Ia ; K = ZP / 2 a - constant
 Characteristic of self excited
DC motor
Three characteristics

Speed armature current

characteristics
Torque armature current
characteristics
(electrical characteristics)
Speed torque characteristics
(mechanical characteristics)
Shunt motor characteristics
N Vs Ia
N = k (V Ia Ra) /
Ish and are nearly constant
Speed nearly constant except Ia Ra drop.
T Vs Ia
T Ia ( = constant)
T ; Ia
N Vs T
Ia ; N ; T
Series motor characteristics
N Vs Ia
N = k (V Ia Ra) / ; IL = Ia = Ise
Ia
Ia ; N (series motor is started with some
load)
T Vs Ia
T Ia ; T Ia2
T ; Ia (increases parabolic)
N Vs T
Ia ; N ; T
 Compound motor
It is the combination of series and
shunt characteristics.

1. Cumulative series and shunt field

windings are assist each other
2. Differential - series and shunt field
windings are opposing each other
 Starters
Necessity of starters :
Amount of line current can be
controlled at the time of starting

Types of starters:
1. Two point starter
2. Three point starter
3. Four point starter
 Speed control of DC shunt
motor
Three methods of speed control

1. By varying the resistance in the

armature circuit (Rheostatic control)
2. By varying the flux (flux control)
3. By varying the applied voltage
(voltage control) (Also ward leonard
method)
 Testing of DC machine
Brake test
direct method to find efficiency

Swinburnes test
predetermine the efficiency