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Basics of Signal Processing

SOURCE SIGNAL RECEIVER

ACTION

describe waves in terms of their significant features

understand the way the waves originate

effect of the waves

will the people in the boat notice ?


frequency = 1/T

sine wave
period (frequency)
amplitude
phase
speed of sound T, where T is a period
f (t) Asin(2t /T )

f (t) Asin(t )
sine cosine
Phase

Asin(t /2)
Acos(t)
Sinusoidal grating of image
TO
Fourier idea
describe the
signal by a sum
of other well
defined signals
Fourier Series

A periodic function as an infinite weighted


sum of simpler periodic functions!


f (t) w i f i (t)
i 0
A good simple function
Ti=T0 / i

f i (t) sin(i 0 t ),
where 0 2 / T0

f (t) k i sin(i 0 n )
i1

[bi sin(i 0 ) ai cos(i 0 )]
i1

Re c
i e j 0 n
complex
, c
i 0
e.t.c. ad infinitum

f (t) k i sin(i 0 n ) [bi sin(i 0 ) ai cos(i 0 )]
i1 i1

T=1/f T=1/f

e.t.c e.t.c
Fouriers Idea

period T period T

Describe complicated function as a weighted sum of simpler functions!


-simpler functions are known
-weights can be found

Simplerfunctions sinesandcosinesareorthogonalonperiodT,i.e.
T
f(mt) f(nt)dt 0form n
0
+ +
0 0
- -

x x

+ +
0 0 + - -
-

= =

0 + - +
+ + -
0
area is positive (T/2) area is zero

2it 2it 2t 2t 4t 4t 6t 6t
f(t) DC a i cos( ) b1 sin( ) DC a1 cos( ) b1 sin( ) a 2 cos( ) b 2 sin( ) a 3 cos( ) b 3 sin( ) .........
i1
T T T T T T T T

T T
2t 2t 2t 2t 2t 2t 4t 2t 4t 2t
f(t)sin( T )dt {DC sin( T
) a1 cos(
T
)sin(
T
) b1 sin(
T
)sin(
T
) a 2 cos(
T
)sin(
T
) b 2 sin(
T
)sin(
T
) .........}dt
0 0

0 0 b1T/2 0 0

=
area=b1T/2

area=b2T/2
f(t) DC f1 (t) f2 (t) DC b1 sint b 2 sin2t

area = DC area = b1T/2 area = b2T/2

f(t) f(t) sin(2t) f(t) sin(4t)

T=2

T
2 t T
+
+ +
sin (
T
)dt
2
0
- - -
+ +

+ + + +
- - - -
+ + + +
Magnitude spectrum Phase spectrum

0 1/T0 2/T0 0 1/T0 2/T0


frequency frequency

Spacing of spectral components is f0 =1/T0

Aperiodic signal T0 frequencyspacingf 0 0


Discrete spectrum becomes continuous (Fourier integral)


sampling

ts=1/fs

22 samples per 4.2 ms 0.19 ms per sample 5.26 kHz


Sampling
T = 10 ms (f = 1/T=100 Hz)
> 2 samples per period,
fs > 2 f

Sinusoid is characterized by three parameters


1.Amplitude
2.Frequency
3.Phase

We need at least three samples per the period


Undersampling

T = 10 ms (f = 1/T=100 Hz)

ts = 7.5 ms (fs=133 Hz < 2f ) T = 40 ms


(f= 25 Hz)
Sampling of more complex signals

highest frequency
component

period period

Sampling must be at the frequency which is higher than the


twice the highest frequency component in the signal !!!

fs > 2 fmax
Sampling

1. Make sure you know what is the highest


frequency in the signal spectrum fMAX

2. Chose sampling frequency fs > 2 fMAX

NO NEED TO SAMPLE ANY FASTER !


T Magnitude spectrum

0 1/T 2/T
frequency

Periodicity in one domain implies discrete representation in the dual domain


Sampling in time implies periodicity in frequency !

T F =1/ts

ts fs = 1/T

time frequency

DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM


N 1 2kn N 1 2kn
j j
x ( n) 1
N X (k ) e
n0
N
X (k ) 1
N x ( n) e
n 0
N

Discrete and periodic in both domains (time and frequency)


Recovery of analog signal
Digital-to-analog converter (sample-and-hold)

Low-pass filtering
0.000000000000000
0.309016742003550
0.587784822932543
0.809016526452407
0.951056188292881
1.000000000000000
0.951057008296553
0.809018086192214
0.587786969730540
0.309019265716544
0.000000000000000
-0.309014218288380
-0.587782676130406
-0.809014966706903
-0.951055368282511
-1.000000000000000
-0.951057828293529
-0.809019645926324
-0.587789116524398
-0.309021789427363
-0.000000000000000
Quantization
11 levels

21 levels

111 levels
a part of vowel /a/

16 levels (4 bits) 32 levels (5 bits) 4096 levels (12 bits)


Quantization

Quantization error = difference between the


real value of the analog signal at sampling
instants and the value we preserve
Less error less quantization distortion

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