Closed Loops

Discussion Topics
Inhibitor Performance Requirements
Primary Inhibitors
Mechanism
Pros and Cons
Effective Concentration
Secondary Inhibitors / Additives
Biocides
World Class Product Selection
Typical Closed Cooling Systems

HVAC Systems
Bearing Cooling
Auxiliary Diesel Generators
Air Compressor Intercoolers
Air Ejector Intercoolers
Lube Oil Coolers
 Matching Inhibitor to System
System Characteristics Inhibitor Properties
Infinite Residence Time Infinite Stability
Doesnt Grow MB
Corrosion Prod. 0.1 mpy
Accumulate Include Dispersant
Mixed Metallurgy Effective on MS, CI, Cu,
Solder, Aluminum
Potential High Temp Stable, Non-Scaling,
and Low Chloride
Demineralized Water Should Buffer to Ideal pH
No Ca Salts for Cathodic
Inhibition (e.g. phosphate)
Drained For Repairs Environmentally Friendly
 Primary Closed System
Inhibitors
Chromate
Nitrite
Molybdate
New BetzDearborn All Organic
Sulfite
Hydrazine (Carbo) & Ammonia
 Nitrite
Mechanism
Anodic Passivator
Promotes Passive Iron Oxide Film

Advantages
Low Cost
Very Effective on Carbon Steel
Independent of Oxygen
 Nitrite Problems
Effective Only On Carbon Steel
Grows Nitrifying Bacteria (Affects pH)
Oxidized to Nitrate by MB, Chlorine, and Oxygen
Passivation Reaction Produces Ammonia
Aquatic Toxicity
Brass Stress Corrosion Cracking (O2 Present)
Aggressive to Solder
High Dosages Required
200- 1,200 ppm (700 Typical)
 Molybdate
Mechanism
Forms Protective Iron Oxide - Molybdate Film
Lowers Critical Passivation Potential (Synergism)

Advantages
Excellent MS Corrosion Inhibitor
Mildly Effective on Cu, CI, Al, Solder
Excellent Stability
Compatible With Oxidizers
 Molybdate

Disadvantages
Higher Cost
Slow Passivation, Especially in Low D.O.
Toxicity (Waste Treatment Plants)

Dosage
150 - 500 ppm as MoO4
 Molybdate / Nitrite Blends
Synergistic Combination
Provides Excellent MS Performance
Low and High D.O.
Stagnant Conditions
Effective Even If Nitrite Oxidizes
Introduced by Betz in 1979
Disadvantage
One Additional Component to Monitor
 Molybdate / Nitrite Blends
Steel Corrosion Vs. D.O.

16
14
Corrosion Rate

12
(mg/L)

10 1.0 mg/L DO
8 2.5 mg/L DO
6 5.0 mg/L DO
4
2
0
0 / 500 100 / 400 200 / 300 300 / 200 400 / 100 500 / 0

Molybdate / Nitrite Ratio (mg/L)

 Hydrazine (Carbohydrazide)
Mechanism and Ammonia
Anodic Passivator (High Hydrazine)
Advantages
Poses Little Risk from Cross Contamination
Effective on Steel
Long History of Use in Layup, Including Steam Generators
Low Cost
Disadvantages
Requires N2 Blanket & Control of O2 Ingress
Hydrazine Considered Carcinogenic
Stress Cracking of Brass IF Excess O 2 Present
Dosage
200 ppm Hydrazine, Ammonia to pH 10
 New BetzDearborn Technology
All Organic Inhibitor Blend
Low Active Concentration
Excellent Environmental Profile
Great Performance In Initial Applications
Chilled Water to High Heat Flux
Effective On Mixed Metallurgy
 Secondary Inhibitors / Additives
Tolyltriazole (TTA)
Copper Alloy Corrosion Inhibitor
Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) - Not Recommended
Sodium or Potassium Silicate / Polysilicate
Best Cast Iron Corrosion Inhibitor
Useful on Copper Alloys and Aluminum
Nitrate
Aluminum Corrosion Inhibitor
SCC Promoter for High Strength Steel
Bug Food
Secondary Inhibitors / Additives

Polymeric Dispersants
PAA, HPS1, Others
Disperse Corrosion Products
Choice of Colors
Red, Blue, Green
Spot Leaks
Eyeball Treatment Concentration
Identify Product
Secondary Inhibitors / Additives

pH Buffers
Borates / Boric Acid
Amines
Carbonate / Bicarbonate
pH Adjustment
Caustic Soda, Caustic Potash
 Glycol Antifreeze
Not Compatible with Chromate
Major Concern is Breakdown to Acids
Inhibitors Require:
Strong Buffer Package
Excess TTA (to complex Cu and Fe)
pH Monitoring
Buffered BetzDearborn Inhibitors Can be Used
With Care
 Biocides For Closed Cooling
Isothiazolin
Water Based, Non-Foaming, Inactivated by Sulfite
Excellent on Nitrifiers, Effective at Low Active Levels
Long Lasting in Nitrite (Oxidizing) Environment
Skin Sensitizer, 1.5% Active
High Chloride (12,000 ppm for 1.5% Active)
May Be High Cu (500 ppm for 1.5%) or Fe
Bromo Nitro Propane Diol (BNDP)
Water Based, Non-Foaming
Inactivated by Sulfite
Reasonable Broad Spectrum Activity
 Biocides For Closed Cooling
Glutaraldehyde
Water Based, Non-Foaming, High Purity
Biodegradable, but Long Half Life
45% active
Poor Effectiveness (Doesnt Touch Nitrifiers)
Fair on SRBs
Oxidizers
Only Compatible With MoO4 / Borate
 Biocides For Closed Cooling
Methylene BisThiocyanate (MBT)
Dispersion
Water Based, Non-Foaming
Contains Organic Emulsifiers
10% Active, 1,000 ppm Chloride
Looks Good In Tox. Evaluations (Fast Kill), But
Very Short Half Life at pH 9
 Nitrite
CorrShield NT4200
Nitrite, Nitrate, Borate, Silicate,
MBT, SSMA Polymer, Phenolphthalein
9,333 ppm 700 ppm Nitrite
CorrShield NT4201
Nitrite, TTA, (Caustic)
3,500 ppm 700 ppm Nitrite
CorrShield NT4202
Nitrite, Borate, Silicate
7,000 ppm 700 ppm Nitrite
CorrShield NT4203
Nitrite (Caustic)
2,622 ppm 700 ppm Nitrite
 Molybdate / Nitrite

CorrShield MD4100
Molybdate, Nitrite, TTA, PAA, (Caustic)
3,000 ppm
250 ppm MoO4
200 ppm Nitrite
Lots of TTA and PAA
Control Based on Molybdate
USDA G5 and G7 Approved
pH 7 - 9
 New BetzDearborn All Organic
CorrShield OR4400
Effective On Steel and Copper
Excellent Environmental Profile
Ideal for Systems Bugged with Nitrifying Bacteria
Low Active Concentration
Cost Effective
Low Conductivity
Excellent Performance In Initial Applications
0.05-0.07 mpy on Mild Steel
0.06-0.08 mpy on Copper
Chilled Water to High Heat Flux
Unique BetzDearbornTechnology
 New BetzDearborn All Organic
CorrShield OR4400
Disadvantages
Limited Experience
No Customer Recognition
May Be Confused With Competitors Oils
May Still Require Biocide
Not Compatible With Oxidizers
Not Buffered
Will Hit Acceptable pH Range
But No Holding Power
No Specific Inhibitors For Al, CI, Solder
 New BetzDearborn All Organic
CorrShield OR4400
Will Become the New Industry
Standard
Dosage:
2,000 ppm 16.8 ppm PO4
Use Persulfate / UV Method for
Phosphonates
pH 8.5 - 9.5 (under review, check
before using)
 Calcium Chloride Brine Chillers
CorrShield OR4401
Unique Inhibitor Formulated Specifically For
CaCl2 Brine
All Organic
Phosphonate / HPS1 Polymer
10,000 ppm 300 ppm PO 4
Dilute Sample 10:1
Standard Persulfate / UV Oxidation
pH 7.5 - 8.5