Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PETE 3200
Ch.2
Rock and Fluid Properties
Mohamed Mohamed
1
Reservoir Rock Properties
2
Reservoir Rock Properties
Porosity
Pore
Porosity is defined as the Throat
ratio of the pore volume
(PV) to the bulk volume.
3
Reservoir Rock Properties
Porosity
Porosity depends on grain packing, not grain size
Rocks with different grain sizes can have the same
percentage porosity
4
Reservoir Rock Properties
5
Reservoir Rock Properties
Permeability
The rate of fluid flow through a reservoir depends on
Pressure drop
Fluid viscosity
Permeability
Permeability is a measure of the conductivity of a
reservoir rock to fluid flow
Large grains may lead to high permeability and large flow rates
Small grains may lead to low permeability and small flow rates
Permeability and porosity may be related
6
Reservoir Rock Properties
Darcys Law
p2 L p1
q
A
Direction of flow
In Darcy units:
kA p1 p2 L = length, cm
k = permeability, mD
Bo = oil formation volume factor, RB/STB
8
Reservoir Rock Properties
Fluid Saturation
Fluid saturation is defined as the fraction of pore volume occupied by a given fluid
Definitions
Sw = water saturation
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation
Sh = hydrocarbon saturation = So + Sg
9
Reservoir Rock Properties
Amount of water per unit volume = Sw
Amount of hydrocarbon per unit volume = (1 - Sw)
(1-Sw)
Hydrocarbon
Sw Water
Matrix
10
Reservoir Rock Properties
Relative Permeability
Ability of a fluid to flow in a porous media when it is in the
presence of other fluids.
Measured by doing core analysis in lab
In in steady state method,
The cores is first saturated with water then the water is displaced with
oil, to the irreducible water saturation
At Constant pressure drop, phase production rates are measured
Then the oil is displaced by water to residual oil saturation.
Relative permeability is also a function of wettability
11
Reservoir Rock Properties
Relative Permeability
Relative permeability is also a function of wettability
Water wet rock have higher Kro than oil wet
Water wet rock have lower Krw than oil wet
12
Reservoir Rock Properties
Capillary Pressure
Is a rock/fluid interactions caused by interfacial tension
Leverret J-function
13
Reservoir Rock Properties
Formation
Compressibility
- Should be determined in the lab.
- Different formations gives different compressibility.
Fluids Compressibility
- Important parameter to measure the relative change in volume of fluid, solid or gas
with changing pressure.
- Fluid Compressibility
- Total compressibility:
Pore-Volume Compressibility
14
Reservoir Gas Properties
Ideal- and Real-Gas Laws
Vactual
z
Gas-deviation factor is a ratio
Videal
Gas Viscosity
Viscosity of gas mixtures
N N
ga yi i M gi y i M gi
i 1 i 1
Reservoir Oil Properties
Oil Properties
Bubblepoint pressure
It is the pressure below which two phases exist and the gas bubbles out of
the oil
Rsb 0.83 y g
pb 18( ) 10
Standings correlation g
yg 0.00091T 0.0125 o , API
Where =mole fraction of gas=
p for
Standings correlation for oil FVF pb is
The above equations only work for oils above the bubblepoint
24
Reservoir Classification
25
Reservoir Classification
Phase Diagram - Mixture
Liquid C
Vol. %
liquid
100
Pressure
75
e
in
n tl
p oi
le
Bu
bb 50 tl
in
e
in
po
w
25 D
e Gas
0
Temperature
26
Reservoir Classification
Phase Diagram - Mixture
Critical point
45 45
0 4
Bubblepoint
400
Pressure, psia 425
400
300
Dew
p oint
350
200
300
200 10
0
100 200 300 400 500
Temperature, F
28
Reservoir Classification
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50
29
Temperature, F
Reservoir Classification
Phase Diagram of a Reservoir Fluid
(Heavy)
Estimated critical
point Dewpoint
Bubblepoint line
5000
line 0%
5%
10%
4000 15%
100
Pressure, psia
90
80
70
3000 60 15%
50
2000 40 10%
35
30
25
20 5%
1000 15
10
5
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature, F 30
Reservoir Classification
31
Reservoir Classification
Phase Diagram - Typical Black Oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
Critical Dewpoint line
Pressure, psia point
Black Oil
e 90 0 % Liquid
t Lin 8
oin 70 0
p 6
le-
bb
50
u
40
B
30
20
10
Separator
Temperature, F
32
Reservoir Classification
2
Volatile oil
0
80 9
70
60
Pressure
50
% Liquid
e
in
40
tl
in
po
30
le
bb
20
Bu
10
3
5
Separator
i nt line
De wpo
Temperature, F 33
Reservoir Classification
Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas
2
e
in
tl
in
po
w
De
Pressure
Critical point
e
in
% Liquid
l
nt
300
oi
4
ep
20
l
bb
15
3
Bu
10
Separator 5
0
Temperature 34
Reservoir Classification
Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
ne
Wet gas
Pressure
t li
oin
wp
De
% Liquid
Critical
point
2
e int
lin epo
30
l
bb
25
1
Bu
Separator
Temperature 35
Reservoir Classification
Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Pressure
l in e
nt
poi Dry gas
Dew
% Liquid
2
50
25
Separator
1
Temperature 36
Reservoir Classification
Black Oil Volatile Oil
Dewpoint line
Pressure path 1 Critical
point
in reservoir
Pressure path 2
in reservoir Dewpoint line
The Five
0
Critical Volatile oil
80 9
60 0
point
7
Pressure, psia
50
Pressure
Black Oil
e
% Liquid
lin
40
t
n
90
30
oi
e % Liquid
Reservoir
80
p
lin
le
nt 0
b
oi 90
20
7
b
lep 60
u
B
bb
Bu
50
10
40
3
30
5
Fluids
20
10
Separator Separator
line
p oint
Dew
Temperature, F Temperature
Pressure path
in reservoir Pressure path
Pressure path
1 in reservoir in reservoir
Retrograde gas 1 1
2
e
in
tl
in
po
ne
w
e
t li
De
t lin
Pressure
Wet gas
Pressure
oin
Pressure
oin
wp
Dry gas
Critical
p
De
e
lin
Dew
point
nt
% Liquid
oi
300
4
ep
% Liquid
20
Critical % Liquid
bl
15
b
point
3n0e int
Bu
30 2
li epo
1 2
l
bb
25
1
Bu
50
5 Separator Separator
1
Separator 0
25
Temperature Temperature Temperature
GOR
GOR
GOR
GOR
No
liquid
API
API
API
API
No
liquid
38
Reservoir Classification
Components of Naturally Occurring Petroleum Fluid
Component Composition,
mole percent
Hydrogen sulfide 4.91
Carbon dioxide 11.01
Nitrogen 0.51
Methane 57.70
Ethane 7.22
Propane 4.45
i-Butane 0.96
n-Butane 1.95
i-Pentane 0.78
n-Pentane 0.71
Hexanes 1.45
Heptanes plus 8.35
100.00
Properties of heptanes plus
Specific Gravity 0.807
Molecular Weight 142 lb/lb mole
39
Reservoir Classification
Field Identification
Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry
Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
Initial <1750 1750 to > 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Producing 3200
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial Stock- < 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 No
Tank Liquid Liquid
Gravity, API
Color of Stock- Dark Colored Lightly Water No
Tank Liquid Colored White Liquid
40
Chapter Assignment
What is gas formation volume factor (FVF) and how does it change
with pressure?
Is gas FVF defined for free gas or dissolved gas? What is the value
for gas FVF for pressures greater that bubble-point pressure?