Lecture Presentation

Unit 7
Day 2

Chemical
Equilibrium

James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, CT
Edited by M. Day
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Warm Up
Why is the equilibrium constant
constant?

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 Agenda
Princeton Review Margin Notes
RICE Table Practice Problems
Work Time
Guided Inquiry
Book Problems

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 Princeton Review Book
TAKE OUT: Princeton Review
Book
TURN TO: Page 266
READ THROUGH: Page 270
HIGHLIGHT: Key Terms

TIME: 8 MINUTES
WHEN DONE: See RICE table
practice problems
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 RICE TABLE PRACTICE
PROBLEMS

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 WORK TIME
USE THIS TIME: To Get
Some Practice
Guided Inquiry
Cornell Notes
Book Problems
WebAssign
TIME: Until End of class
WHEN DONE: Attempt Equilibrium

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Is a Mixture in Equilibrium? Which
Way Does the Reaction Go?
To answer these questions, we calculate
the reaction quotient, Q.
Q looks like the equilibrium constant, K,
but the values used to calculate it are the
current conditions, not necessarily those
for equilibrium.
To calculate Q, one substitutes the initial
concentrations of reactants and products
into the equilibrium expression.
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 Comparing Q and K
Nature wants Q = K.
If Q < K, nature will
make the reaction
proceed to products.
If Q = K, the reaction
is in equilibrium.
If Q > K, nature will
make the reaction
proceed to reactants.
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 Calculating Equilibrium
Concentrations
If you know the equilibrium constant, you
can find equilibrium concentrations from
initial concentrations and changes (based
on stoichiometry).
You will set up a table similar to the ones
used to find the equilibrium concentration,
but the change in concentration row will
simple be a factor of x based on the
stoichiometry.
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 An Example
A 1.000 L flask is filled with 1.000 mol of H 2(g)
and 2.000 mol of I2(g) at 448 C. Given a Kc of
50.5 at 448 C, what are the equilibrium
concentrations of H2, I2, and HI?
H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g)
initial concentration 1.000 2.000 0
(M)
change in x x +2x
concentration (M)
equilibrium 1.000 x 2.000 x 2x
concentration (M)

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 Example (continued)
Set up the equilibrium constant expression,
filling in equilibrium concentrations from
the table.

Solving for x is done using the quadratic

formula, resulting in x = 2.323 or 0.935.

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 Example (completed)
Since x must be subtracted from 1.000 M,
2.323 makes no physical sense. (It results
in a negative concentration!) The value
must be 0.935.
So
[H2]eq = 1.000 0.935 = 0.065 M
[I2]eq = 2.000 0.935 = 1.065 M
[HI]eq = 2(0.935) = 1.87 M
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LeChteliers Principle
If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change
in temperature, pressure, or the concentration of
one of the components, the system will shift its
equilibrium position so as to counteract the effect
of the disturbance.

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 Warm Up

What three conditions did we

manipulate in the lab that shifted the
equilibrium of the five systems tested?

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How Conditions Change Equilibrium
We will use LeChteliers Principle
qualitatively to predict shifts in equilibrium
based on changes in conditions.

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How Conditions Change Equilibrium
We will use LeChteliers Principle
qualitatively to predict shifts in equilibrium
based on changes in conditions.

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Lab Report: Procedure, Data, Discussion of Theory
A. HIn (aq) H+ (aq) + ln-(aq)

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)

Procedure Observations Explanation
Initial color of water and Solution is green The green color shows
bromothymol blue that the pH of distilled
water is between 6 and
7.6, and the indicator is
a mix of Hln and I-
Add 0.1 M HCl Solution turned yellow
pH < 6.0
Add 0.1 M NaOH Solution turned green
and finally ended on
blue, pH > 7.6
Additional drops of HCl Solution changes from
and NaOH yellow (with HCl) to Equilibrium
blue (with NaOH)
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Lab Report: Procedure, Data, Discussion of Theory
B. Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3 (aq) [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq)

H+(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4+(aq)

Procedure Observations Explanation
Initial color of copper Solution is blue
solution
Add concentrated NH3 Solution turned light
drops blue and solid formed;
with more NH3, solid
dissolved and turned
deep blue
Add 1.0 M HCl Deep blue faded to
lighter blue and solid
formed again
Additional drops of NH3 Solid dissolved again
and solution turned Equilibrium
deep blue
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Lab Report: Procedure, Data, Discussion of Theory
C. [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4HCl (aq) + Heat [CoCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)
Procedure Observations Explanation
Add 6.0 M HCl drops Solution turned blue
(tube A)
Add 0.1 M AgNO3 drops White solid precipitate
(tube B) and solution turned pink
Add distilled water drops Solution turned pink
(tube C)
Add 5-6 grains CaCl2 to Crystals dissolved and
tube C solution turned blue
Test tube C placed in ice Solution turned pink
water bath for 2-3
minutes
Test tube C placed in hot Solution turned blue
bath for 2-3 mins Equilibrium

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Lab Report: Procedure, Data, Discussion of Theory
D. 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l) CO2 (aq) + H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)

Procedure Observations Explanation

Initial color of solution
Pull back on syringe to
decrease pressure
Push syringe to increase
pressure
Green color = pH 4.4
Solution turned teal, pH =
4.8
Solution turned green,
pH = 4.4

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E. Mg(OH)2 (s) Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O (l)

Procedure Observations Explanation
Initial color of milk of Purple solution with white White solid is undissolved
magnesia and solid suspended in liquid Mg(OH)2. Purple color is from
universal indicator the universal indicator and
shows that some of the OH-
ions are present b/c purple =
pH > 10
Add 1 drop of 3 M HCl Solution immediately turned
with constant stirring pink with more stirring pink
color turned orange, green,
then blue
Additional drops of 3 M Solution immediately turned
HCl pink; slower change to the
blue-green end color
Additional drops of HCl Solution immediately turned
and NaOH pink; color remained pink and
Equilibrium
solution not cloudy
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 Change in Reactant or Product
Concentration
If the system is in equilibrium
adding a reaction component will result in some
of it being used up.
removing a reaction
component will
result in some if it
being produced.

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 Change in Volume or Pressure
When gases are involved in an equilibrium,
a change in pressure or volume will affect
equilibrium:
Higher volume or lower pressure favors the
side of the equation with more moles (and
vice-versa).

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 Change in Temperature
Is the reaction endothermic or
exothermic as written? That matters!
Endothermic: Heats acts like a reactant;
adding heat drives a reaction toward
products.
Exothermic: Heat acts like a product;
adding heat drives a reaction toward
reactants.

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 An Endothermic Equilibrium

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 An Exothermic Equilibrium
The Haber Process for producing
ammonia from the elements is exothermic.
One would think that cooling down the
reactants would result in more product.
However, the activation energy for this
reaction is high!
This is the one instance where a system in
equilibrium can be affected by a catalyst!

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Catalysts
Catalysts increase the rate of both the forward
and reverse reactions.
Equilibrium is achieved faster, but the equilibrium
composition remains unaltered.
Activation energy is lowered, allowing equilibrium
to be established at lower temperatures.

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 END DAY 2 LECTURE

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