Module 2:

Collection, Organization,
and Presentation of Data
Data Collection
Data Collection
Data may be gathered fro primary and
secondary sources.
Primary sources of data include government
offices, private organizations, establishments and
recognized individuals who have first hand
information about an event.
Secondary sources of data may be obtained from
sources like newspapers, journals, and magazines.
Methods of Collecting Data
Interview Method The researcher makes
direct and personal contact with the
interviewee. The researcher gathers data by
asking the interviewee series of questions.
Questionnaire Method distributes the
questionnaire either personally or by mail and
collects them by the same process.
Registration Method method of collecting
data is governed by our existing laws.
Gathered from offices concerned, e.g. NSO.
Methods of Collecting Data
(Contd)
Experimental Method collecting data is used to
find out the case and effect relationship of certain
phenomena under controlled conditions.
Observation Method observe subjects individually
or groups of individuals to obtain data and information
related to the objectives of the investigation.
Texting Method may ask or invite individuals to
send text opinions on certain issues or send in their
choices on their brand preferences on a particular
product using their cellphones.
Determining the
Sample Size
Slovins Formula
It is used to determine the statistically acceptable
sample size to be extracted from the given
population. The Slovins formula is

where,
n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error (%)
Example:
A group of researchers was tasked by
Commissions on Higher Education to survey
whether students in Metro Manila favor the
moving of the start of classes from June to
August for the ASEAN calendar integration. If
there are 2,000,00 students and 10% margin of
error is expected, compute the sample size.
Solution:
Sampling Techniques
Sampling Techniques
Is a method used to determine which element
is to be included in the sample.
In order to obtain a genuine or unbiased
sample, each member of the population must
have an equal chance of being included in the
sample.
Known as random sampling techniques or
probability sampling technique
Random Sampling Techniques
Lottery Sampling
Table of Random Numbers
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Multi-Stage Sampling
Non-Probability
Statistics
Non-Probability Sampling
There are some sampling techniques which
are biased and therefor not reliable such as
those samples drawn by researchers based on
their own judgment. These methods are
classified as non-probability sampling
technique.
Non-Probability Sampling
Methods
Convenience Sampling is used because it
is convenient to the researcher.
Quota Sampling uses the proportions of
different strata; and from the strata, selections
are done using quota.
Purposive Sampling gets this sample from
the respondents purposely related or close to
him.
Presentation of Data
Array Form Method
This method presents data in array form.

2 3 5 9 14 6 15 8 7 12
18 16 4 13 6 9 4 8 15 6
10 1 15 6 12 8 5 6 12 11
15 19 4 15 18 10 3 2 2 4
Textual Form Method
A textual method, also called the paragraph
method, is used to present purely qualitative
data or if there are only very few numerical
data. This method is desirable and effective
when data are presented in paragraph form
using small columns like those in the
newspaper.
Stem and Leaf Presentation
Stem and Leaf method orders the data in a
concise way.

Stem Leaf
0
1
Tabular For Method
Statistical tables are effective devices of presenting
both qualitative and quantitative data. The tables can
be used conveniently to make a comparisons and
draw relationships between and among variables.
A statistical table shall show the following
components: table heading (table number and title),
body (contains quantitative data), stubs (labels that
classify values of a variable), box heads (captions
above the columns), footnote and source note.
Frequency Distribution Table

Example: Solution:
Classes Frequency
1-3
4-6
7-9
This is the frequency distribution of the previous
data. (Refer to data in the array form method) 10-12
13-15
16-18
19-21
Total
Frequency Distribution Table
(Contd)
Range
R = highest score lowest score or HS LS

Midpoint or Class mark (X)

Percentage of the relative frequency

Frequency Distribution Table
(Contd)
Number of classes (K)

Class Size or Width (c)

Example:
The following data represent the IQs of 50
students who passes the 1st IQ test. Construct
a frequency distribution table with 7 classes.
120 118 110 112 120 116 107 120 115 109
117 110 112 114 113 108 112 118 100 125
121 120 111 111 120 110 114 117 127 126
115 117 122 110 105 113 118 118 134 104
111 122 114 109 118 119 118 124 105 134
Solution:
Solution: (Contd)
Solution: (Contd)
Solution: (Contd)
Graphs of Frequency
Distribution
The Frequency Polygon
A line to connect any two consecutive points. In
constructing a frequency polygon, follow the procedures
below:
Frequencies are placed on the vertical axis (y-axis).
The scores or midpoints of classes are placed in the horizontal
axis (x-axis).
The ratio of the x to y-axis should be 3:2 or 4:3.
Plot the points and connect consecutive points with straight line.
The curve is anchored at both ends to zero frequency or the
figure formed should be a polygon (closed broken lines).
If the first observation is too far from zero (0), a break line shall
be used to indicate that no value exists between 0 and the first
observation.
Example:
Using the frequency distribution table,
Classes (x) f Midpoint
35-39 1 37
40-44 3 42
45-49 6 47
50-54 6 52
55-59 6 57
60-64 7 62
65-69 4 67
70-74 4 72
75-79 1 77
80-84 1 82
85-89 1 87
Solution:
Histogram
A graph that uses bars of various heights to
represent the frequencies. the bars may be
drawn vertically or horizontally. The steps in
constructing a histogram are as follows:
Draw and level the x and y axis. The x-axis is the
horizontal axis and the y-axis is the vertical axis.
Represent the frequencies as the heights on the y-
axis and the class boundaries on the x-axis.
Using the frequencies as the heights, draw bars for
each class.
Example:
Draw the histogram based from the data
below: Classes (x) f Midpoint
35-39 1 37
40-44 3 42
45-49 6 47
50-54 6 52
55-59 6 57
60-64 7 62
65-69 4 67
70-74 4 72
75-79 1 77
80-84 1 82
85-89 1 87
Solution:
Pareto Chart
Is a bar graph of a frequency distribution used
for a categorical variable. Similar to the
histogram, the Pareto chart uses bars for
frequencies. Rules for constructing the chart:
Make bars the same in width.
Arrange the data from the largest to the smallest
according to their frequencies.
Make the units for the frequencies equal in size.
Example:
The following table shows the forms of suicide
gathered by the national police officers in a
particular year in a Metropolitan City.
Forms of Suicide Number
Rope hanging 44
Shooting self with a gun 16
Medicine overdosed 18
Poisoning 15
Jumping from a tall building 12
Jumping into a deep body of water 8
Run-over by a vehicle 4
Stabbing 2
Solution:
Less Than Ogive (<Ogive) and
Greater Than Ogive (>Ogive) Graphs
A line graph formed by plotting the cumulative
frequencies against the class boundaries and
connecting all the consecutive points by
straight lines. This graph is used to show a
trend of values or of an activity over a period of
time.
Less Than Ogive (<Ogive) and Greater
Than Ogive (>Ogive) Graphs (Contd)
Steps and procedures in preparing an Ogive graph are as
follows:
Represent the cumulative frequencies on the x-axis and the
class boundaries on the y-axis.
For the Less Than Ogive, plot the points of intersection starting
from the lowest lower boundary against the lowest frequency.
Continue plotting the points using the next upper boundary and
the next higher frequency until all points of intersection are
plotted.
For the Greater Than Ogive, the points of intersection starts from
the highest upper boundary and the highest frequency. Continue
plotting the points using the next lower boundary and the next
lower frequency until all points of intersection are plotted.
Example:
Using the table below, graph the < and >
Ogive.
EQ
Table A. EQ Scores of 50 Students
f LB UB < cf > cf
Scores
100-104 2 99.5 104.5 2 50
105-109 6 104.5 109.5 8 48
110-114 15 109.5 114.5 23 42
115-119 13 114.5 119.5 36 27
120-124 9 119.5 124.5 45 14
125-129 3 124.5 129.5 48 5
130-134 2 129.5 134.5 50 2
n = 50
Solution:
Pie Chart or Circle Graph
A graph used to show the breakdowns or
component parts of a whole for categorical
variables. The steps are as follows:
Calculate the relative frequency (% share) of each
category.
Convert the % shares into degrees by multiplying
by 360.
Draw the circle and construct the % shares of the
categories obtained in step 2 by using a protractor.
Example:
Using the data in Table B, prepare a pie chart:
Table B. Blood Type of 200 Persons
Type Number (f) % Share No. of Degrees
O 100 50% 180
A 50 25% 90
B 30 15% 54
AB 20 10% 36
n = 200 100% 360
Solution:
Some Other Forms of Graph
Pictograph This graph is used to show vivid
pictorial of data. For example, population data
may be represented by the picture of a person
as follows:
= 1 million population
Scattered graph/ Scatter diagram the
graph is used to show relationship between
and among variables.
Line graph used to show the relationship
between two sets of quantities.
Some Other Forms of Graph
(Contd)
Component bar chart chart divides or
breaks down total quantities into their
component parts. Each bar, representing 100%
is subdivided so that the length of each part
corresponds to the percentage of the total
number of cases belonging to the category
represented by the bar.
Statistical map used to describe or classify
quantitative data by geographical areas.