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Schematic Eyes
Dimensions of the
reduced schematic
eye, defined by P, N,
and F.
The refractive power
of this reduced
schematic eye is 60.0
D, with its principal
P = anterior corneal surface plane at the front
N = the simplified nodal point of the eye surface of the cornea.
F = the fovea
Using this reduced schematic eye, we can calculate the
retinal image size of an object in space (such as a Snellen
letter).
The pupillary axis (red line) = the line perpendicular to the corneal
surface, passing through the midpoint of the entrance pupil (E).
The visual axis (green line) = the line connecting the fixation target (O)
and the fovea (F).
If all the optical elements of the human eye were in perfect alignment, these 2
lines would overlap. However, the fovea is normally displaced from its
expected position.
The optical axis (blue line) = the line passing through the optical centers
of the cornea, lens, and center of the fovea.
Angle kappa () Angle alpha ()
Snellen Chart
Snellen Chart
Numerator
decimal notation
Visual angle minute of
Snellen chart convert
arc
LogMAR
The standard
Contrast Sensitivity and the Contrast Sensitivity Function
Target :
Sufficiently large to be seen
High enough contrast with its
background
Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
Spatial frequency
the number of light bands
per unit length or per unit
angle
optical power
Myopia
Parallel light rays from Light rays emanating
infinity focus to a point from a point on the
anterior to the retina, retina focus to a far point
forming a blurred image in front of the eye,
on the retina. between optical
infinity and the
cornea.
Hyperopia
Parallel light rays from Light rays emanating
infinity focus to a point from a point on the
posterior to the retina are divergent as
retina, forming a they exit the eye,
blurred image on the appearing to have come
retina. from a virtual far
point behind the eye.
Astigmatism
Vertical
1.
corneal
meridian is
2.
the steepest
Loss of
Epidemiology of Refractive Errors
Change
continuously
as the eye
grows
Born
1E
End
Curvatures
Age
nd 3-14
ofwith
the
2 years
3.00
1of refracting
D of surface continue to change
Birth to 6
Actually, most
Emmetropization Mechanism