LEADERSHIPS

Beberapa Pertanyaan Konseptual

Hal-hal apa sajakah yang menjadi

pertimbangan dalam melakukan proses
kepemimpinan?
Apakah seorang pemimpin itu
dilahirkan atau dapat diciptakan?
Apakah kepemimpinan dipengaruhi
oleh variabel individual atau
lingkungan?
Variabel individual apa sajakah yang
mempengaruhi proses kepemimpinan?
Apakah faktor gender mempengaruhi
proses kepemimpinan?
Beberapa Asumsi Dasar Teori
Kepemimpinan
1. Asumsi Self Fulfilling Prophecy
2. Asumsi Sources of Power
Coercive Power
Reward Power
Legitimate Power
Expert Power
Referent Power
 Teori Personal-Traits
1. Drive
2. Motivation
3. Integrity
4. Self Confidence
5. Intelligence
6. Knowledge
 Teori Personal-Behavioral
1. LEADERSHIPS CONTINUUM THEORY
Employee Oriented (democratic)
Boss Oriented (autocratic)
2.SUPPORTIVE THEORY (Rensis-Likert)
Task Oriented
Employee Oriented
3.TWO-DIMENSIONAL THEORY (OHIO-
STATE)
Consideration Dimension
Initiating-Structure Dimension
4.LEADERSHIPS-GRID
Impoverished Management (1,1)
Task Management (9,1)
Country Club Management (1,9)
Middle of Road management (5,5)
Team Management (9,9)
 SITUATIONAL THEORY
1. CONTINGENCY THEORY
Leader-Employee Relationships
Task Structure
Authority
2.PATH-GOAL THEORY
Directive
Supportive
Participative
Achievement Oriented
3.LEADERSHIPS STYLE THEORY
Autocratic
Consultative
Group
4.TRIDIMENSIONAL THEORY
Task Oriented and/or Employee Oriented
depend on environment
 TRANSFORMATIONAL
LEADERSHIPS
CHARACTERISTIC LEADERSHIPS
THEOLOGICAL
POLITICAL

Note: Black Box of Transformational Leaderships

 Summarize: Effective Leaderships

Perception
Background and Personal Traits
Expectancy and Style
Task Understanding
Peer-Review
Cross-cultural leaderships
 THE PROCESS THEORIES
2. SKINNERS REINFORCEMENT THEORY
Environment treatment to individual behavior.
Past experiences and consequences to current behavior.
Operant conditioning to behavior modification.
Negative reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement.
Stick and Carrots
Avoidance Learning
Extinction
Punishment
 THE PROCESS THEORIES
3. GOAL SETTING THEORY (Edwin Locke)
Goal-Setting
Evaluation of Performance
Evaluation of Alignment between Standard Goal-Setting
and Individual Goal-Setting
Standard Accepted
 INTEGRATIVE
MOTIVATION MODEL
THE PORTER-LAWLER MODEL
Maslows Need of Hierarchy
Herzbergs Two Factors Theory
Vrooms Expectancy Theory
Skinners Reinforcement Theory

Apa kebutuhan individu?

Apakah reward tergantung kinerja?
Apa skill, pengalaman dan perilaku yang diperlukan ?
Apakah penilaian kinerja akurat?
Apa yang dilakukan untuk mempertahankan motivasi?