Chapter 5: Deformation

Let me tell you the secret that has led

me to my goal. My strength lies in my
tenacity.

Louis Pasteur

Testing of 787 Dreamliner wings. (Courtesy

of Boeing Corp.)

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Moment-Curvature Relations
In terms of ordered derivatives:

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Design Procedure 5.1: Deflection by
Singularity Functions
1. Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the system.
2. Use force and moment equilibria to establish reaction forces acting
on the system.
3. Obtain an expression for the load intensity function for all the loads
acting on the system while making use of Table 2.2.
4. Integrate the negative load intensity function to give the shear force
and then integrate the negative shear force to give the moment.
5. Make use of Eq. (5.9) to describe the deflection at any location.
6. Plot the following as a function of x:
a. Shear
b. Moment
c. Slope
d. Deflection

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Beams

Figure 5.1: Cantilevered beam

with concentrated force applied
at free end.
Figure 5.2: Free-body diagram of force
anywhere between simply supported
ends. (a) Complete beam; (b) portion of
beam.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Example 5.3

Figure 5.3: Cantilevered beam

with unit step distribution over
part of beam. (a) Loads and
deflection acting on cantilevered
beam; (b) free-body diagram of
forces and moments acting on
entire beam; (c) free-body diagram
of forces and moments acting on
portion of beam.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Example 5.4

Figure 5.4: Pinned-fixed beam with

concentrated force acting anywhere along
beam. (a) Sketch of assembly; (b) free-
body diagram of entire beam; (c) free-
body diagram of part of beam.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Beam Deflection

Table 5.1: Deflection for common cantilever and simply-supported beam

conditions. See also Appendix D.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Example 5.5

Figure 5.5: Beam fixed at one end and free

at other with moment applied to free end
and concentrated force at any distance from
free end. (a) Complete assembly; (b) free-
body diagram showing effect of
concentrated force; (c) free-body diagram
showing effect of moment.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Stress Elements

Figure 5.6: Element Figure 5.7: Element

subjected to normal stress. subjected to shear stress.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Strain Energy
Strain energy for
special casewhere
all threefactorsare General expression
Loadingtype Factorsinvolved constant with x for strain energy
P 2l P2
Axial P, E, A U = 2EA U= dx
2EA
M 2l M2
Bending M , E, I U = U= dx
2EI 2EI
T2l T2
Torsion T, G, J U = U= dx
2GJ 2GJ
3V 2 l 3V 2
Transverse shear V, G, A U = U= dx
5GA 5GA
(rectangular section)

Table 5.2: Strain energy for four types of loading.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Example 5.8

Figure 5.8: Cantilevered beam with concentrated force acting at a distance b

from free end. (a) Coordinate system and significant points shown; (b) fictitious
force, Q, shown along with concentrated force, P.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Example 5.9

Figure 5.9: System arrangement. (a) Entire assembly; (b) free-body diagram of
forces acting at point A.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
 Example 5.10

Figure 5.10: Cantilevered beam with 90 bend acted upon by horizontal force, P,
at free end.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press
Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson