FUNCTION CASING &

CASING DESIGN

TEKNIK PEMBORAN
 FUNCTION CASING

Functions Of Casing

Types of Casing

Liner

Oil Country Tubular Goods

The functions of casing may be summarised as
follows.
1. To keep the hole open and to provide support for
weak, vulnerable or fractured
formations. In the latter case, if the hole is left
uncased, the formation may cave in and redrilling of
the hole will then become necessary.
2. To isolate porous media with different
fluid/pressure regimes from contaminating the pay
zone. This is basically achieved through the
combined presence of cement and casing.
Therefore, production from a specific zone can be
achieved.
3. To prevent contamination of near-surface fresh
water zones.
4. To provide a passage for hydrocarbon fluids; most
production operations are carried out through
special tubings which are run inside the casing.
5. To provide a suitable connection for the wellhead
equipment and later the christmas tree. The casing
also serves to connect the blowout prevention
equipment (BOPS) which is used to control the well
while drilling.
6. To provide a hole of known diameter and depth to
facilitate the running of testing and completion
The types of casing currently in use are as follows:
1. Stove Pipe
Stove pipe (or marine-conductor, or foundation-pile for
offshore drilling) is run to prevent washouts of near-surface
unconsolidated formations, to provide a circulation system
for the drilling mud and to ensure the stability of the
ground surface upon which the rig is sited. This pipe does
not usually carry any weight from the wellhead equipment
and can be driven into the ground or seabed with a pile
driver. A typical size for a stove pipe ranges from 26 in. to
42 in.
2. Conductor Pipe
Conductor pipe is run from the surface to a shallow depth
to protect near surface unconsolidated formations, seal off
shallow-water zones, provide protection against shallow
gas flows, provide a conduit for the drilling mud and to
protect the foundation of the platform in offshore
operations. One or more BOPs may be mounted on this
casing or a
diverter system if the setting depth of the conductor pipe is
shallow. In the Middle East, a typical size for a conductor
pipe is either 18 5/8 in. (473 mm) or 20 in. (508 mm). In
North Sea exploration wells, the size of the conductor pipe
is usually 26 or 30 in. Conductor pipe is always cemented
to surface. It is used to support subsequent casing strings
and wellhead equipment or alternatively the pipe is cut off
at the surface after setting the surface casing. In offshore
operations, conductor pipes are either driven by a hammer
3. Surface Casing
Surface casing is run to prevent caving of weak formations that
are encountered at shallow depths. This casing should be set in
competent rocks such as hard limestone. This will ensure that
formations at the casing shoe will not fracture at the high
hydrostatic pressures which may be encountered later. The
surface casing also serves to provide protection against shallow
blowouts, hence BOPs are connected to the top of this string.
The setting depth of this casing string is chosen so that
troublesome formations, thief zones, water sands, shallow
hydrocarbon zones and build-up sections of deviated wells may
be protected. A typical size of this casing is l3 3/8 in. (240 mm)
in the Middle East and 18 5/8 in. or 20 in. in North Sea
operations.
4. Intermediate Casing
Intermediate casing is usually set in the transition zone below or
above an over-pressured zone, to seal off a severe-loss zone or
to protect against problem formations such as mobile salt zones
or caving shales. Good cementation of this casing must be
ensured to prevent communication behind the casing between
the lower hydrocarbon zones and upper water formations.
Multistage cementing may be used to cement this string of
casing in order to prevent weak formations from being subjected
to high hydrostatic pressure from a continuous, long column of
cement. The most common size of this casing is 9 5/8 or 10
in.
5. Production Casing
Production casing is the last casing string. It is run to isolate
6. Liners
A liner is a string of casing that does not reach the surface. Liners are hung on the
intermediate casing by use of a liner-hanger. In liner completions both the liner and the
intermediate casing act as the production string. Because a liner is set at the bottom
and hung from the intermediate casing, the major design criterion for a liner is usually
the ability to withstand the maximum expected collapse pressure.
TYPES OF LINERS
1. Drilling liners are used to isolate lost circulation or abnormally pressured zones to
permit deeper drilling.
2. Production liners are run instead of a full casing to provide isolation across the
production or injection zones.
3. The tie-back liner is a section of casing extending upwards from the top of an
existing liner to the surface. It may or may not, be cemented in place.
4. The scab liner is a section of casing that does not reach the surface. It is used to
repair existing damaged casing. It is normally sealed with packers at top and bottom
and, in some cases, is also cemented
5. The scab tie-back liner is a section of casing extending from the top of an existing
liner but does reach the surface. The scab tie-back liner is normally cemented in place.
 Wellhead

7
Oil Country Tubular Goods
In-Well Service Below the wellhead
Steel and Alloy Pipe
Casing
API Spec 5CT w/ API Std 5B for threads

API Spec 5L for large diameter >16

Tubing
API Spec 5CT w/ API Std 5B for threads

Drill Pipe
API Spec 5D w/ API Spec 7 for tool joints
API Clasification of tubular goods
- Normal Steels H40, J55, K55, N80
- High Strength Steels P105, P110, Q125, V150
Grade - Steels with a limited yield Strength C75, L80, C90, C95

- Non-Upset Short / Long Round Thread, Buttress Thread

- External Upset
CASING Upset - Internal Upset
- Internal and External Extreme line Casing

- Short Round Thread Casing

Type - Long Round Thread Casing
- Buttress Thread Casing
- Extreme line Casing

API
- Normal Steels H40, J55, K55, N80
- High Strength Steels P105, P110, Q125, V150
Grade - Steels with a limited yield Strength C75, L80, C90, C95

- Non-Upset - Non-Upset Tubng

- External Upset - External-Upset Tubing
TUBING Upset - Internal Upset
- Internal and External - Integral Joint Tubing

- External Upset Tubing

Type - Non-Upset Tubng
9 - Integral Joint Tubing
 Casing types - Short Round Thread Casing
Hydraulic tight - Long Round Thread Casing
- Buttress Thread Casing
API
Gas tight - Extreme line Casing

CASING Selected connections:

- BG Tubulars GB 3P
Hydraulic tight

NON-API
Gas tight - V&M VAM MUST
- V&M VAM FJL
- Nippon Steel NK 3SB
- Tenaris Blue
- Tenaris MS 28 XT/XC
- Grand Prideco Advanced NJO
- Kawasaki FOX
- Kawasaki KSBEAR
- Hydrill SuPreme LX
- Voest Alpine VAGT

10
Stress-Strain Curve

12 Yield Strength
0 Ultimate
Yield Strength (API method)
Strength
100 (ASTM method)

80
Stress
(ksi)
60 Proportional
Limit
40

20

0
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.2 0.2
2 4 6 8 0 2 4
Strain - (in/in)
11
 CASING DESIGN

Data Collection
Factors Influencing Casing Design
Design Criteria
Collapse Criterion
Burst Criterion
Combination Strings
Tension Criterion
Service Loads During Drilling And Production
Operations
Compression Loads
Data Collection
 Abnormal

Normal Pore Pressure Abnormal Pore Pressure 0.433 -

0.465 psi/ft gp > normal
15
 Factors Influencing Casing Desig

Casing design is also influenced by:

(a) loading conditions during drilling and
production;
(b) the strength properties of the casing
seat (i.e. formation strength at casing
shoe);
(c) the degree of deterioration the pipe will
be subjected to during the entire life of the
well;
and
(d) the availability of casing.
 Design Criteria

There are three basic

forces which the casing
is subjected to:
collapse
burst
Tension.
 Collapse Criterion

For practical purposes, collapse pressure should be calculated as

follows:
Collapse pressure = External pressure Internal pressure

(1) Casing is assumed empty due

to lost circulation at casing
setting depth (CSD) or at TD of
next hole
(2) Internal pressure inside casing
is zero
(3) External pressure is caused by
mud in which casing was run in
(4) No cement outside casing
 Burst Criterion

Burst Pressure, B is give by:

B = internal pressure external
pressure
Internal Pressure
Burst pressures occur when formation
fluids enter the
casing while drilling or producing next
hole.
maximum formation pressure will be
encountered
when reaching the TD of the next
hole section.
For the burst criterion, two cases can
be designed for:
1. Unlimited kick
2.Limited kick
 Tension Criterion
Most axial tension arises from the weight of the casing itself.
Other tension loadings can arise due to: bending, drag, shock
loading and during pressure testing of casing.
In casing design, the uppermost joint of the string is considered
the weakest in tension, as it has to carry the total weight of the
casing string. Selection is based on a design factor of 1.6 to 1.8
for the top joint.

Tensile forces are determined as follows:

1. calculate weight of casing in air (positive value) using
true vertical depth;
2. calculate buoyancy force (negative value);
3. calculate bending force in deviated wells (positive value);
4. calculate drag force in deviated wells (this force is only
applicable if casing is
pulled out of hole);
5. calculate shock loads due to arresting casing in slips; and
6. calculate pressure testing forces
 Casing Design

Tension Tension
Depth
Burst

Collapse

Collapse
STRESS
Burst:
Burst Assume full reservoir pressure all along the
wellbore.
Collapse: Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth
Tension: Tensile stress due to weight of string is highest
at top
23
Collapse = 1.0 1. 1
Burst = 1.1 1. 25
Tension = 1.3 1. 8
Compression = 1.0
Triaxial Design = 1. 1- 1.2
The combination of stresses due to the weight of the
casing and external pressures are referred to as 'biaxial
stresses 1. Biaxial stresses reduce the collapse
resistance of the casing
and must be accounted for in designing for deep wells or
combination strings
 Casing Design - Burst
Example 1

Design a 7 Csg. String to 10,000 ft.

Pore pressure gradient = 0.5 psi/ft

Design factor, Ni = 1.1

Design for burst only.

26
 Burst Example

1. Calculate probable reservoir pressure.

psi
pres 0.5 * 10,000 ft 5,000 psi
ft

2. Calculate required pipe internal yield

pressure rating

pi pres * Ni 5,000 * 1.1 5,500 psi

27
 Example

3. Select the appropriate csg. grade and wt.

from the Halliburton Cementing tables:

Burst Pressure required = 5,500 psi

7, J-55, 26 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 4,980
psi
7, N-80, 23 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 6,340
psi
7, N-80, 26 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 7,249
psi

28 Use N-80 Csg., 23 lb/ft

29
30
 23 lb/ft
26 lb/ft

N-80
31
Design Parameters Advantage
Ft DFt (Tension)

Pi DFb (Burst)

vme DFvme (Triaxial)

Po DFc (Collapse)

33 Fc DFcomp (Compression)