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PROGRAM -6
DESIGN
4/13/17 1
WHAT IS A PRESSURE VESSEL ?
Classification based on
Function
- Storage Tank, Process vessel, Heat Exchanger
Geometry
- Cylindrical, Spherical, Conical, Non-circular,
Horizontal/vertical
Construction
- Monowall, Multiwall, Forged, Cast
Service
- Cryogenic, Steam, Lethal, Vacuum, Fired/Unfired,
Stationary/Mobile
PARTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL
TYPE OF SUPPORTS
LEG TYPE SUPPORT
SKIRT TYPE SUPPORT (CYLINDRICAL/CONICAL) USING A D
MARKBLATTER
BRACKET TYPE SUPPORT
SADDLE SUPPORT THIS SUPPORT DESIGN USING ZICK ANALYSIS
SKIRT DETAIL
Detail of Skirt
HEADS / ENDCLOSURES
HEAD IS THE PART WHICH CLOSES THE END OPENING OF THE CYL. SHELL
TYPES OF THE HEADS :
1. HEMISPHERICAL HEAD
2. ELLIPTICAL HEAD
3. TORISPHERICAL HEAD
4. CONICAL HEAD
5. TORICONICAL HEAD
6. BOLTED BLIND FLANGE
DESIGN OF 2:1ELLIPTICAL HEAD UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE AS
PER ASME SEC-VIII DIV-1, CL. UG-32.
4/13/17 24
Thickness of shells under Internal
Pressure(UG-27)
Symbols :
t = min. required thickness
P = internal design pressure
R = inside radius of shell
S = max. allowable stress value (Sec II D)
E = joint efficiency (UW-12)
Cylindrical Shells (UG-27)
PR or SEt
t P
SE 0.6 P R 0.6t
2. Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints).
t 0.5R, P 1.25SE
or
PR 2 SEt
t P
2 SE 0.4 P R 0.4t
Relevant when additional loadings are applicable
Thickness Calculation based on
Outside diameter(Appendix 1-1)
PR0 or 2 SEt
t P
2 SE 1.4 P R0 1.4t
Spherical Shells (UG-27)
PR 2 SEt
t or P
2 SE 0.2 P R 0.2t
Based on Outside Diameter (Appendix 1-1)
PR0 or 2 SEt
t P
2 SE 0.8 P R0 0.8t
Where R0= outside radius of shell
Conical Shells Sections (UG-32)
PD or 4 SEt cos
t P
4 cos ( SE 0.4 P) D 0.8t cos
Table 1-4.1
Values of factor K
(Use nearest Values of D/2h; Interpolation
Unnecessary)
Ellipsoidal Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)
(Continued)
t/L 0.002
Inside Depth = Inside diameter
PD 2 SEt
t or P
2 SE 0.2 P D 0.2t
2:1 ellipsoidal Head-
Approximation: Knuckle Radius = 0.17D
Spherical Radius = 0.90D
Ellipsoidal Heads (UG-32) (Appendix
1-4)
(Continued)
t/L 0.002
PDK OR 2 SEt
t P
2 SE 0.2 P KD 0.2t
1
2
Where D
K 2
6 2h
Torispherical Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)
Table 1-4.2
Values of factor M
(Use nearest Values of L/r; Interpolation Unnecessary)
Torispherical Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)
(Continued)
t/L 0.002
Knuckle radius = 6% of inside crown radius
Inside crown radius = outside diameter of skirt
0.885 PL SEt
t or
P
SE 0.1P 0.885 L 0.1t
Where minimum tensile strength > 70,000 psi
PLM 2 SEt
t or P
2 SE 0.2 P LM 0.2t
Where
1 L
M 3
4 r
Hemispherical Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)
t 0.356L, P 0.665SE
PL 2 SEt
t or P
2 SE 0.2 P L 0.2t
( 25.4) 2
= 47088 N/m
=47088/9.81x1000000 Kg/mm
= 0.0048 kg/mm
Sample Problem (Continued)
13.13 3
16.13mm
1 D 1 2506
2 2
K 2 2
Factor K 6 2h 6 2 628
1mm
Sample Problem (Continued)
Required Thickness at top
PDK
t C
2 SE 0.2 P
0.12 2506 1
3
2 14.062 0.85 0.2 0.12
15.59mm
Sample Problem (Continued)
Torispherical head as per UG-32 (Solution)
Design pressure P=0.12 Kg/mm
Corroded Inside Diameter D=2506mm
Corrosion Allowance C= 3 mm
Joint Efficiency E=0.85
Allowable stress S= 14.062 kg/mm at 482F
(Sec-IID)
Required thickness
PL 0.1263 1253
t C 3
2 SE 0.2 P 2 14.062 0.85 0.2 0.1263
9.63mm
Design for External Pressure
and compressive stresses
Compressive forces caused by dead weight, wind,
earthquake, internal vacuum
Can cause elastic instability (buckling)
Vessel must have adequate stiffness
Extra thickness
Circumferential stiffening rings
ASME procedures for cylindrical shells, heads, conical
sections. Function of:
Material
Diameter
Unstiffened length
Temperature
Thickness
Subsection B -
Requirements pertaining to methods of
Fabrication of Pressure Vessels
Part UW : Requirements for Pressure vessels
fabricated
by Welding
General UW-1 to UW-3
Materials UW-5
Design UW-8 to UW-21
Fabrication UW-26 to UW-42
Inspection and Tests UW-46 to UW-53
Markings and Reports UW-60
Pressure Relief Devices UW-65
Part UF : Requirements for Pressure vessel
fabricated by
Forging
Part UB : Requirements for Pressure vessel
fabricated by
Brazing
Part UW
UW-2 - Service Restrictions
(a) Lethal Service
(b) Low Temperature Service
(c) Steam Service
(d) Direct fired Service
(a) Lethal Service
- Vessels with lethal substances, all butt welds shall be full
radiographed.
CS/LAS vessels shall be post weld heat treated.
- It shall be responsibility of user to specify if vessel is for lethal
service.
- All category A joints shall be type (1)
- All category B & C joints shall be type (1) or (2)
- All category D shall be full penetration welds.
(b) Low Temperature Service
- All category A joints shall be type (1)
- All category B joints shall be type (1) or (2)
- All category C joints shall be full penetration welds.
- All category D shall be full penetration welds.
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-2 - Service Restrictions
(5) All category A and D butt welds with joint efficiency [of
full
radiography]
(a) Cat. A and B butt welds of vessel sections or
heads
shall be of type (1) or (2).
(b) Cat. B or C butt welds (not including those in
nozzles
except as required above) which intersect Cat.A
butt
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-11 - Radiographic Examination
(b) Spot Radiography
- Butt weld joints of type (1) or (2) which are not required to
be
fully radiographed.
-If spot radiography is specified for entire vessel,
radiography is
not required of Cat B and C butt welds in nozzles that
exceed
neither 10 size not 29 mm thickness
(c) No Radiography
- No radiography is required when vessel is designed for
external
pressure only or where joint efficiency is as per table UW-
12 (C)
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-12 - Joint Efficiency
Heads Attached to
Shells
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment
Detail
Heads Attached to
Shells (continued..)
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment
Detail
Heads Attached to
Shells (continued..)
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment
Detail
Attachments of
Pressure Parts to
flat plates
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment Detail
Attachments of Pressure Parts to flat plates
(Continued..)
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment Detail
Pressure Parts with butt welded hubs
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-16 Nozzle welded to shells
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-16 Nozzle welded to shells (continued)
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-16 Nozzle welded to shells (continued)
Part UW (Continued..)
UW-16 Nozzle welded to shells (continued)
Subsection C -Requirements pertaining
to Classes of Materials
Part UCS
Requirement for Pressure
Vessels
Constructed of
Carbon Steel and Low Alloy
Steels
Part UCS
UCS-23 Maximum Allowable Stress values:
Impact Test
Exemption
Curve
Part UCS (Continued)
Low Temperature Operations
UCS-66 -Materials
-General Notes on Assignment of Materials to Curves:
OBJETCIVE:
1.TO REDUCE THE RESIDUAL STRESSES AT WELD &
HAZ
2.TO MODIFY THE MICRO-STRUCTURE (HAZ)
EFFECT:
1. SUSCETIBLITIES TO BRITTLE FAILURE
DECREASES.
2. RESISTANCE TO STRESS CORROSION
CRACKING INCREASES.
3. DIMENSIONAL STABILITIES INCREASES.
PWHT PARAMETER
1. HEATING RATE
2. SOAKING TEMPERATURE
3. COOLING RATE
PWHT CODE REQUIREMENT
HYDROTEST PRESSURE =
1.3 X (P design) x (allow stress at test temp/ allow stress at
design temp)
4/13/17 100
Material Selection Criteria
Service media
- Corrosive-sea water, urea
- H2, H2S, Ammonia
Temperature
- Cryogenic
- Low temperature
- Medium temperature
- High temperature
Pressure
- Low pressure
- High pressure Q & T material
Standard
- Material specification
- Additional requirements
Economy
- Cost
- Availability
- Weldability
- Manufacturability
Material Selection for
Temperature
SERVICE PRESSURE
PLATE PIPE FORGING
TEMPERATURE (F) BOLTING
PRESSURE
SERVICE PLATE PIPE FORGING BOLTING
TEMPERATURE (F)
BOLTS: SA
L (-75) (-51) SA 203 GR.A OR B SA 333 GR.3 SA 350 GR.
320 GR.L7
O LF3
NUTS: SA 194
W
GR.4
(-50) (-21) SA 516 ALL SA 333 GR.1
T GRADES IMPACT
E TESTED
M
P
E (-20) (+4) SA 516 ALL
R GRADES OVER 1
A IN. THICK IMPACT SA 350 GR.
T TESTED LF1 OR LF2 BOLTS: SA
U SA 53
193 GR.B7
R (SEAMLESS)
NUTS: SA 194
E OR SA 106
(+5) (+32) SA 516 ALL GR.2H
GRADES OVER 1
IN. THICK IMPACT
TESTED
Material Selection for Temperature
(Continued)
SERVICE PRESSURE
PLATE PIPE FORGING
TEMPERATURE (F) BOLTING
SA 285 GR.C,
IN. THK. MAX.
SA 515 GR.55,
60, 65, 1.5IN.
(+33) (+60)
I THK. MAX.
N SA 516 ALL
T GRADES, ALL
E THK.
R SA 53 SA 181
M Bolts: SA 193
(SEAM GR.I OR II
E gr. B7
SA 285 GR.C, LESS) OR SA 105
D Nuts: SA 194
IN. THK. MAX. SA 106 GR.I OR 11
I gr. 2H
SA 515 GR.55,
A 60, 65, 1.5IN.
T THK. MAX.
E (+61) (+775)
SA 516 ALL
GRADES, ALL
THK.
SA 204 GR.B
ALL
Material Selection for Temperature (Continued)
PRESSURE
SERVICE PLATE PIPE FORGING BOLTING
TEMPERATURE (F)
4/13/17 107
ASME Section II -Materials
Types