SCHOOLS OF

THOUGHT
 Structuralism(1875-1920)
Major exponents
Wundt,Stumpf,Titchener,Ebbinghaus
Schools of management thought Classical

school(1900s 1930s)
Major exponents Henri fayol, Henry Gantt,

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, F.w. Taylor, Max

Weber
Personnel/HR practitioner focus 1800s

1920s Social reform welfare workers

Scientific techniques
 Psychoanalysis(1900
onwards)
Major exponents Freud, Jung, Adler,
Horney
Schools of management thought Human

Relations School 1930s-1950s

Major exponents Elton Mayo, Mary parker

Follett, Rensis Likert, A. Maslow, D.

McClelland, D. McGregor
Personnel/HR practitioner focus 1920s-

1950s Human Relations

 Functionalism (1900-1950)
Major exponents James, Dewey,
Munsterberg, Hall, Cattell, Woodworth
Schools of management thought Socio-

technical Systems 1930s-1950s

Major exponents Trist and Bamforth

(1951), Talcott Parsons, Joan Woodward

Personnel/HR practitioner focus 1950s

1960s
 Behaviourism (1910
onwards)
Major exponents Thorndike, Pavlov,
Watson, Hull, Bekhterev, Tolman, Skinner,
Bandura
Schools of management thought

Contingency Theory (1960s-1970s)

Major exponents Burns and Stalker

(1961), Victor Vroom, Fred Fiedler,

Lawrence and Lorsch (1967), Henry
Mintzberg
Personnel/HR practitioner focus 1960s and

1970s Negotiation/industrial relations

Gestalt psychology (1910-
1960s)
Major exponents Wertheimer, Koffka,
Kohler, Lewin
Schools of management thought Total

Quality Management 1980s

Major exponents Deming, Taguchi
Personnel/HR practitioner focus (1970s

and 1980s) Organizational integration

Manpower analysis
 Humanistic psychology
(1950s-1960s)
Major exponents Maslow, Roger
Schools of management thought Strategic

approaches 1990s
Major exponents Johnson and

Scholes(1989)
Personnel/HR practitioner focus 1990s

Quality performance Diversity Quality of

Working life Management of unemployment
Consultancy Organization Development
 Cognitive psychology 1960s

onwards
Major exponents Miller, Neisser
Schools of management thought Action

research methodologies for reflective

learning? Theories of entrepreneurship?
2000s?
Major exponents
Personnel/HR practitioner focus 2000s

Professionalization Strategic HR Portfolio

careers Intrapreneurship
 Positive psychology
1990s
onwards
Major exponents Seligman