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Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
1.- The maximum bit rates still are factor of 20 and more
behind the current state of the art systems like 802.11n and
802.16e/m. Even the support for higher mobility levels is not an
excuse for this.
2.- The latency of user plane traffic (UMTS: >30 ms) and of
resource assignment procedures (UMTS: >100 ms) is too big
to handle traffic with high bit rate variance efficiently.
Throughput Latency
Cost per MByte
Fa
10
ct
or
r
cto
2-3
Fa
LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience
For public use IPR applies
9 Nokia Siemens Networks LTE/SAE Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 1.0 / Document Number
Reduction of network cost is necessary to remain
profitable
Revenues and Traffic
decoupled
Traffic
Traffic volume
Revenue
/bit
Profitability
Network
cost
Time
Voice Data
dominated dominated
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
OFDM technology
Decreased cost / GB
Flat, scalable IP based
architecture
For public use IPR applies
12 Nokia Siemens Networks LTE/SAE Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 1.0 / Document Number
Schedule for 3GPP releases
LTE have been developed by the same standardization organization. The target has been
simple multimode implementation and backwards compatibility.
HSPA and LTE have in common:
Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency
Same kind of Turbo coding
The harmonization of these parameters is important as sampling and Turbo decoding are
typically done on hardware due to high processing requirements.
WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization.
For public use IPR applies
13 Nokia Siemens Networks LTE/SAE Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 1.0 / Document Number
Comparison of Throughput and Latency (1/2)
Peak data rates of Enhanced consumer experience:
173 Mbps/58 Mbps - drives subscriber uptake
- allow for new applications
Low latency 10-20 - provide additional revenue streams
ms
Max. peak data rate
350
300
Downlink
250 Uplink
Mbps
50 HSPA
Rel6
0
HSPA R6 Evolved HSPA LTE 2x20 MHz LTE 2x20 HSPAevo
(Rel. 7/8, 2x2 (2x2 MIMO) MHz (4x4 (Rel8)
MIMO) MIMO)
LTE
min max
ACTIVE
IDLE
(no resources)
Resource
No resource
Allocated
Rural
900 MHz GSM UMTS
LTE
or
Reference:
- HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960
- HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335
- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia
simulations
Internet
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
HSPA LTE
WCDMA/cdma2000
HIGH GSM/IS95 3G 3G Enhacements 3G Evolution
AMPS 2G
1G
WiMAX Family
802.16a/d 802.16e
LOW
WLAN Family
802.11 802.11a/b/g 802.11n
data rates
< 200 kbps < 1 Mbps < 10 Mbps < 50 Mbps < 100 Mbps < 1 Gbps
Interworking
Tight interworking between 3GPP
technologies (HSPA, LTE) including
common network management and
handovers GSM
Loose interworking between 3GPP WCDMA
and WiMAX LTE
Max path loss 1 Mbps / 64 kbps 162 dB 162 dB 153 dB 162 dB 110 dB
Spectrum IMT-2000 bands IMT-2000 bands 2300, 2500, 3500 IMT-2000 bands 2400, 5400
All radio standards show comparable performance under comparable conditions and similar feature set:
Laws of physics apply to all of them (Shannon Theory)
User rates mainly depend on bandwidth, modulation/coding and availability of MIMO (2x2 assumed)
Spectrum Efficiency is determined by Frequency Reuse and Feature Set (e.g. FSPS, MIMO, )
Latency (e.g. PING Performance) depends on chosen Frame Duration or TTI
Coverage depends on frequency band, RF power limitations and duplex mode
For public use IPR applies
23 Nokia Siemens Networks LTE/SAE Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 1.0 / Document Number
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
Radio
Multiple Access RAN/CN Feasibility study
specifications
Decision functional split closed
Japan approved
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
User plane
Control Plane
Original 3G architecture.
2 nodes in the RAN.
2 nodes in the PS Core Network.
Every Node introduces additional delay.
Common path for User plane and Control plane data.
Air interface based on WCDMA.
RAN interfaces based on ATM.
Option for Iu-PS interface to be based on IP.
For public use IPR applies
28 Nokia Siemens Networks LTE/SAE Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 1.0 / Document Number
NSN Network Architecture Evolution (2/4)
Separated path for Control Plane and User Plane data in the PS
Core Network.
Direct GTP tunnel from the GGSN to the RNC for User plane data:
simplifies the Core Network and reduces Signalling.
First step towards a flat network Architecture.
30% core network OPEX and CAPEX savings with Direct Tunnel.
The SGSN still controls traffic plane handling, performs session and
mobility management, and manages paging.
Still 2 nodes in the RAN.
For public use IPR applies
29 Nokia Siemens Networks LTE/SAE Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 1.0 / Document Number
NSN Network Architecture Evolution (3/4)
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
IP Network
OFDMA/SC-FDMA
MIMO ( beam-forming/ Evolved Node B / PS Domain only,
spatial multiplexing) No RNC No CS Domain
HARQ IP Transport Layer IP Transport Layer
Evolved NodeB
No RNC is provided anymore
The evolved Node Bs take over all radio management functionality.
This will make radio management faster and hopefully the network
architecture simpler
IP transport layer
EUTRAN exclusively uses IP as transport layer
QoS awareness
The scheduler must handle and distinguish different quality of service
classes
Otherwise real time services would not be possible via EUTRAN
The system provides the possibility for differentiated services
Self configuration
Currently under investigation
Possibility to let Evolved Node Bs configure themselves
It will not completely substitute the manual configuration and optimization.
Non-3GPP access
The EPC will be prepared also to be used by non-3GPP access networks
(e.g. LAN, WLAN, WiMAX, etc.)
This will provide true convergence of different packet radio access system
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
f f f f
e s
d
t t co t t
f f f f
OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air interface
OFDMA
Downlink multiplexing
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Acces
Receiver complexity is at a reasonable level
it supports various modulation schemes from BPSK, QPSK,
16QAM to 64 QAM.
SC-FDMA 64QAM
Modulation
Uplink multiplexing
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access, a variant
of OFDMA
The advantage against OFDMA to have a lower PAPR
(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) meaning less power
consumption and less expensive RF amplifiers in the
terminal.
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output TX RX
LTE will support MIMO as an option,
It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter MIMO
and receiver antennas in a system. Tx Channel Rx
Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell
(gain: spatial multiplexing)
MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase
spectral efficiency.
HARQ Hybrid
Automatic
HARQ Repeat Request
Hybrid Automatic Retransmission on reQuest
HARQ has already been used for HSDPA and HSUPA.
HARQ especially increases the performance (delay and
throughput) for cell edge users.
HARQ simply implements a retransmission protocol on
layer 1/layer 2 that allows to send retransmitted blocks
with different coding than the first one.
Scalable bandwidth
LTE air interface allows to drive cells with
scalable
1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10MHz & 20 MHz.
This gives the required flexibility for
operators to use spectrum allocations not
available to a non-scalable wide-band or
ultra-wide-band system. DL: OFDMA
UL: SC-FDMA
DOWNLINK
UPLINK
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
LSTI Its aim is to prove the potential and benefits that the LTE
technology can offer.
More in http://www.lstiforum.com/
Evolved Packet Core TR 29.803 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE): CT WG4 aspects .
TR 29.804 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE): CT WG3 aspects
Specification
TS 36.322 Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification
TS 36.323 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification
TS 36.331 Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification
Series TS 36.401
TS 36.410
TS 36.411
Architecture description
S1 general aspects and principles
S1 layer 1
TS 36.412 S1 signalling transport
TS 36.413 S1 Application Protocol (S1 AP)
TS 36.414 S1 data transport
TS 36.420 X2 general aspects and principles
TS 36.421 X2 layer 1
TS 36.422 X2 signalling transport
TS 36.423 X2 Application Protocol (X2AP)
TS 36.424 X2 data transport
TS 36.508 Common test environments for User Equipment (UE) conformance testing
TS 36.521-1 User Equipment (UE) conformance specification Radio transmission and reception Part 1: conformance testing
TS 36.521-2 User Equipment (UE) conformance specification Radio transmission and reception Part 2: ICS
TS 36.523-1 User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 1: Protocol conformance specification
TS 36.523-2 User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 2: ICS
TS 36.523-3 User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 3: ATS
TR 36.801 Measurement Requirements
TR 36.803 User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception
TR 36.804 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception
TR 36.938 Improved network controlled mobility between LTE and 3GPP2/mobile WiMAX radio technologies
TR 36.942 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Frequency (RF) system scenarios
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
High speed data rates High speed data with Broadband multimedia
with full mobility limited mobility with full mobility
For public use IPR applies
52 Nokia Siemens Networks LTE/SAE Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 1.0 / Document Number