Productivity Analysis & Formation Damage

Renato Vallejo R.
Borehole Production and Reservoir Engineer
May 2017
 Agenda

Pressure Losses
Darcy Equation & Inflow performance relations
Skin

2
 Pressure Losses

3
4
5
6
 Darcy Equation & Inflow performance relations

7
 Darcy Equation

8
 Pseudo-Steady-State Equation

Darcy equation radial reservoir model

Parameters used in equations:
Bulk
Permeability, k formation
Altered
Thickness, h zone
Reservoir drainage radius, re ka k
h
Skin (dimensionless skin factor) rw

Wellbore radius, rw ra
re

9
 Oil Well Single Phase

10
 Oil well (multiphase flow below BP)

11
 Sources of error

Parameters used in equations:

Permeability (related to the size of the measurement)
Thickness (N:G)
Fluid parameters from correlation (Bo and )

Assumptions:
Radial flow (multi-layer reservoirs, crossflow)
Single phase (often apply to multiphase systems)
Mixed boundaries (faults and pressure support)

12
 Determination of h

hp

h h
hp

What about the shaley sections?

13
Determination of average permeability

Small scale
Core
Porosity-permeability correlations

Large scale
Well test
Many layers?
 Parameter sensitivity

Inflow performance relation

ParameterUnit -25% PI Base 25% sigma % error
k md 200 5.5 7.4 9.2 1.8 25.0
h ft 50 5.5 7.4 9.2 1.8 25.0
Bo rb/stb 1.21 9.8 7.4 5.9 2.0 26.7
Muo cp 0.65 9.8 7.4 5.9 2.0 26.7
Drainage radius
ft 1000 7.6 7.4 7.3 0.2 2.1
Wellbore radius
ft 0.354 7.2 7.4 7.5 0.2 2.1
Skin 5 8.2 7.4 6.7 0.8 10.4

15
 Skin Bulk
formation
Altered
zone
ka k
h
rw

ra
re

18
 The Concept of Skin
2000

Stimulated well
kd
Pressure, psi

1500 rw rd

Extra pressure re
1000
pskin loss due to
damage, flow What causes this
restriction etc.
damage skin?
500
1 10 100 1000 10000
Distance from center of wellbore, ft
19
 Causes of damage skin

Mud filtrate Free p < pb p > pb

invasion gas

dirty incompatible
water water

20
Other Sources of Skin
Positive skin
Drilling-induced or other formation damage
Migration of formation fines.
Perforation skin
Partial completions (and partial penetration) cases.
Gravel packs.
Reservoir flow turbulence

Negative skin:
Stimulated formations.
High density perforated completions.
Highly deviated / Horizontal well completions.
Other Sources of Skin
Positive skin
Drilling-induced or other formation damage
Migration of formation fines.
Perforation skin
Partial completions (and partial penetration) cases.
Gravel packs.
Reservoir flow turbulence
Negative skin:
Stimulated formations.
High density perforated completions.
Highly deviated / Horizontal well completions.
Causes of Skin
Diagenesis: Authigenic
Kaolinite Significant permeability reduction
High irreducible water saturation
Migration of fines needs recurrent
formation treatment

Carter Sandstone
North Blowhorn Creek Oil Unit
Black Warrior Basin, Alabama, USA
Other Sources of Skin
Positive skin
Drilling-induced or other formation damage
Migration of formation fines.
Perforation skin
Partial completions (and partial penetration) cases.
Gravel packs.
Reservoir flow turbulence
Negative skin:
Stimulated formations.
High density perforated completions.
Highly deviated / Horizontal well completions.
Perforating Parameters
Sp: Pressure loss due to perforations

Convergence into perforations

Effect of the wellbore
(Low shot spacing = vertical resistance to flow)
Low vertical permeability
Perforation geometry
Spiral pattern
Phasing (flow pattern)
Perforation length
 Semi-analytical Karakas and Tariq model
204 204
Boundary
181
181
158
158 135
135 112
112

Wellbore
Wellbore
Perforation Perforation
o o
180 phasing 120 phasing
Pressure response around the wellbore affected by
effective well bore radius + well bore effect + effect of vertical resistance
27
to flow
Pressure loss due to convergence

18spf
1spf
Crushed Zone
Aspect of Unclean Perforations
Crushed Zone
Aspect of Clean Perforations
Undamaged Rock
Crushed Zone: Undamaged Berea Sandstone
Undamaged Rock
Crushed Zone: Perforated Berea Sandstone
 Crushed Zone Skin

33
Other Sources of Skin
Positive skin
Drilling-induced or other formation damage
Migration of formation fines
Perforation skin
Partial completions (and partial penetration) cases
Gravel packs
Reservoir flow turbulence

Negative skin:
Stimulated formations.
High density perforated completions.
Highly deviated / Horizontal well completions.
 Skin: Well geometry

hp zw

h h
hp ht
S Sd S p
hp

Sp is positive
Most sensitive to hp and vertical perm
35
 Skin: Well geometry

100%
open
50% open

36
 Skin: Well geometry

Negative skin
More surface area in
contact with reservoir
Skin will increase as
vertical perm
h decreases
h sec Skin < 0

s sd s
37
Other Sources of Skin
Positive skin
Drilling-induced or other formation damage
Migration of formation fines
Perforation skin
Partial completions (and partial penetration) cases
Gravel packs
Reservoir flow turbulence
Negative skin:
Stimulated formations.
High density perforated completions.
Highly deviated / Horizontal well completions.
 Rate Dependent Skin
qo

0.00708ko h PR Pwf
r
o Bo ln e 0.75 S
rw

Particular combinations of fluid parameters may yield high Reynolds numbers resulting in
turbulent flow.
Common in gas wells, and in some high flow rate oil wells.
Turbulent flow creates an additional pressure drop resulting in a rate-dependent or turbulent
skin.
A well test will measure both laminar or mechanical skin, S and rate-dependent skin:
S = S + Dq
D is the non-Darcy flow coefficient
 The Skin Equation
Recalling the original Darcy equation

qo
0.00708k o h PR Pwf
re kd
o Bo ln 0.75 rw rd
w r

q o Bo rd q o Bo rd k
Pskin ln
0 .75 ln
0 .75 re
0 .00708 k h
d r
w 0. 00708 kh wr

q o Bo rd k S
Pskin ln 1
0.00708kh rw k d

q o Bo rd k
Pskin S S ln 1
0.00708kh rw kd
kh Who remembers what this formula is called?
S Pskin
141.2q o Bo
Apparent Wellbore Radius

s
rwa rwe
For Skin = 0; rwa = rw
For Skin > 0; rwa < rw (Damaged well)
For Skin < 0; rwa > rw (Stimulated well)

Theoretical Lower limit of Skin would be reached if:

rwa = re
Practically, stimulated formations seldom exhibit skin values below 3
 Stimulation

Acidizing
Hydraulic Fracturing
 Thanks

45