FILM CAMERA

BY: LEXI GRUBBS, ANNA CHIPREAN, ELLA BEIDLER, AND

KAITLYN GRUBBS
SPECTRA OFFILM CAMERAS
EDWIN H. LAND
CREATOR OF THE POLAROIDAND THE SPECTRA SYSTEM USEDWITHIN IT
STUDIED PHYSICS ANDCHEMISTRY AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY, BUT QUIT
AFTER FRESHMEN YEAR
ORIGINALLY,HIS WORK DID NOT FOCUS ONTHE FILM CAMERA
"DEVELOPED A WIDE VARIETYOF APPLICATIONS, AND WASUSED
INTHEPRODUCTIONOF SUNGLASSES AND COLOR ANIMATION"
(BIOGRAPHY.COM 1)
 BEGAN DEVELOPMENTS ON THEFILM
CAMERA IN1943
ONFEBRUARY27TH, 1947,THE FIRST
FULLYFUNCTIONAL INSTANTCAMERA
WASSUCCESSFULLY TESTED
ORIGINALLY,CAMERASONLYPRINTED
SPECTRA OF A FILM
PICTURES IN BLACK AND WHITE,
CAMERA OCCASIONALLY IN BROWN INK
(CONTINUED.) THOUGH THERE WASRARELYCOLOR,CAMERAS
WERE STILL SENSITIVE TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHTS
AND SHADING
FILTERS WERE OFTEN ADDED TOCHANGE THE
SHADES OF THE DARK INK AND GIVETHE
ILLUSION OFNEW COLOR
CAMERAS DID NOT RECEIVE A
FILMSPECTRA UNTIL THE EARLY
1960S
HOWEVER, THISCOLORFUL DEVELOPMENT WAS
NOT PERFECTBY ANY MEANS
 THE SPECTRA SYSTEM REQUIRED LOTS OF
WORK, MONEY, AND EQUIPMENT WHEN IT FIRST
CAME ABOUT
IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE60SWHENALL
THISMINIMIZED SIGNIFICANTLY
SPECTRAOF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRAL
BANDSDEVELOPEDTO BE ABLE TO CAPTURE
AFILMCAMERA MORE COLOR ACCURATELY
(CONTINUED.) WAVELENGTHSWERE SORTED WITH SPECIAL
FILTERS
THIS HELPS TO CATCHWHAT HUMANS MISS
MULTISPECTRALIMAGINGHAS HELDSOME OF
THE BESTADVANCEMENTS THROUGH
THELAST50 YEARS
IT IS THE OPPOSITE OFPANCHROMATIC
THIS ONETHE MOST COMMON FORM OF
PHOTOGRAPHYUSED IN SPACE BECAUSEOF THIS
SYSTEM
IT IS ALSO CALLED HYPERSPECTRAL OR ULTRA
SPECTRAL
SPECTRA OF A FILM CAMERA (CONTINUED.)

HYPERSPECTRALIMAGERY
THISIS STRONGER THAN THE NAKED EYE BECAUSE OF ITS USE OF BANDS
THEWAVELENGTHS ARE DIVIDED INTO MULTIPLEWAVES ANDTHEY ARE
FINER THAN WHAT THE EYE SEES
HYPERSPECTRALIMAGERYIS USED OUTSIDE OF FILM CAMERAS AS
WELL
MEDICAL FIELD,AGRICULTURALSCANNING,MINERALOGY, THE
SCIENCES,SECURITY, ANDFOODPROCESSING AMONGST OTHERS
USE OF FILMCAMERAS
USED TO TAKE A RAPID SEQUENCE OF PHOTOGRAPHS ON FILM
EXAMPLES- MOVIES, MEDIA, RECREATIONAL USE
FILM WAS USED TO CAPTURETHESE PHOTOGRAPHS AND STORE THEMIN
INDIVIDUALFRAMES
HISTORY OF FILM CAMERA

1926 EDWIN H. LAND RESEARCHES LIGHT POLARIZATION

1928 LAND FILES PATENT FOR THE FIRST SYNTHETIC POLARIZER
1943 LAND COMES UP WITH THE IDEA OF AN INSTANT CAMERA
1948 FIRST CAMERA IS SOLD FOR $89.95, THE MODEL 95
1963 POLACOLOR, THE FIRST INSTANCE COLOR FILM
1963 MODEL 100 LAND CAMERA, THE FIRST FULLY-AUTOMATIC PACK FILM
AND EXPOSURE CONTROL
1972 SX-70 DEBUTS. THE FIRST FULLY-AUTOMATIC, MOTORIZED, AND
FOLDING CAMERA WITH INSTANT COLOR PRINTS
HISTORY OF FILM CAMERA

1997 POLAROID ONE STEP EXPRESS IS REISSUED WITH A ROUNDED BODY

AND VARIOUS COLOR OPTIONS
2011 Z340 INSTANT DIGITAL CAMERA
2012 POLAROID Z2300 INSTANT DIGITAL CAMERA
IMPORTANCE
FILM SPEEDS CAN VARY, WHICH RESULT IN HOW SENSITIVE THEY ARE TO
LIGHT
SLOW SPEEDS LET IN MORE LIGHT, BUT CAPTURES DETAILS BETTER
FASTER SPEEDS CAN STILL CAPTURE THE IMAGE, BUT ARE A LOWER QUALITY
FILM CAMERAS WERE USED TO FILM MOVIES
MANY PHOTOGRAPHERS ADMIT THAT THEY CAN TAKE PICTURES IN THE
MOMENT SINCE THEY'RE NOT WEIGHED DOWN WITH EQUIPMENT
HOW DOESIT WORK- THE PARTS

A PLASTIC OR METAL CASE- THEY ARE COMPLETELY LIGHT-TIGHT

TO PROTECT THE FILM.
AN APERTURE (OR DIAPHRAGM): A SMALL CIRCULAR HOLE IN THE
CASE THAT LETS IN LIGHT FOR THE SHORT PERIOD WHEN YOU
WANT TO TAKE A PHOTO.
A SHUTTER MECHANISM: A SPRING-LOADED SET OF OVERLAPPING
BLADES THAT OPEN TO LET LIGHT IN THROUGH THE APERTURE
FOR A PRECISE AMOUNT OF TIME BEFORE CLOSING UP AGAIN.
HOWDOES IT WORK-THE PARTS
VIEWFINDER-SHOWSHOW THE PHOTOGRAPH WILL APPEAR
A XENON FLASH LAMP-ADDS ENOUGH EXTRA LIGHT ENERGY
TO ACTIVATE THE FILM, EVEN IN DARK CONDITIONS
SELF-TIMER MECHANISM-USED TO PHOTOGRAPH
SOMETHING WITHOUT ANYONE'S HELP
SLR (SINGLE LENS REFLEX)- PRISMS AND MIRRORS ALLOW
YOU TO LOOK THROUGH THE ACTUAL LENS OF THE CAMERA
AND SEE AN EXACT REPLICA OF THE PHOTO YOU'LL TAKE.
 HOWDOESIT WORK-THE LENS(ES)
LENS(ES)- IN FRONT OF THE SHUTTER.
FIRST, THEY SCALE DOWN THE LARGE, INCOMING IMAGE OF THE WORLD SO IT FITS INTO A
MUCH SMALLER AREA OF FILM

SECOND,THEY CONCENTRATE THE INCOMING LIGHT ENERGY SO THE IMAGE FORMS ON THE
FILM MORE QUICKLY AND THE CAMERA CAN BE USED IN DARKER CONDITIONS THAN WOULD
OTHERWISE BE THE CASE.

THIRD, THEY BRING THE LIGHT RAYS INTO A SHARP FOCUS EXACTLY ON THE SURFACE OF
THE FILM, SO YOU GET A CLEAR, SHARP, IMAGE RATHER THAN A BLURRED, FUZZY IMPRESSION.

FOURTH, THEY ALSO MINIMIZE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE APERTURE AND THE FILM SO
CAMERAS CAN BE MADE RELATIVELY SMALL AND PORTABLE. WHEN YOU ADJUST THE FOCUS ON A
CAMERA, YOU'RE ACTUALLY MOVING ONE OR MORE OF THE LENSES BACK AND FORTH TO MAKE
DIFFERENT PARTS OF A SCENE APPEAR SHARPER ON THE FILM, ACCORDING TO WHETHER YOU
WANT TO EMPHASIZE NEAR OR DISTANT OBJECTS IN YOUR PHOTOGRAPH.
LARGESCALE-HOW IT WORKS
When light goes through the cornea, it
is crossed, so images we see are
actually transmitted upside down.
The brain then turns the image right
side up so that the things people see
are actually as they are.
This worksin asimilar waywith
acamera
A cameraalso has images that are
upsidedown
Thelenses in the camerawith light
transmitted help to focus the object and turn
it the right side up
Our eyes and the camera work together to
get aperfect picture
LARGE SCALE-HOW IT WORKS
SMALL SCALE-HOWITWORKS
FilmCameras haveinfrared and ultraviolet wavelength.
However,ultraviolet filters are used to reducethe shortened wave
lengths becausethey discolorof the image on film.
 SMALLSCALE- HOW IT WORKS

The
hyperspectrallinesshowmorecolor
s than what we can see(3)
The lines arethin and there are a
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