INDEX

paints and varnishes

-painting on wood
-all types of polishing on wood
-all types of painting done on mild steel & stainless steel
-all types of varnishes

Surface finishes of internal walls

-lime finishes
-dry distemper
-oil bound distemper
-emulsion pain t
-dulux velvet touch/asian royale
-texture paint
-low voc paints
-plaster of paris base preparation
-cement based wall putty
 Historical Background
Origin of paint around 20 thousand years ago
Pre historic paintings- caves of Altimara in Spain & Lascause in France
Pre-historic paints made by mixing colored mud and water
Animal fat being used as binder.
Primitive painters used fingers and sticks as brushes.
Yellow, red, black, blue and white colors were used in Egyptian paintings
Gum Arabic, Egg white, Gelatin, Casein, Bees wax blood and Animal tallow were used as binders then.
By the 18th century, paint factories started operations in Europe.
They implied secret formulae to produce the paints which was once a costly product.
Until the 19th century, Amber was a widely used paint vehicle.
 What is paint?
Paint can be defined as a fluid material which, when spread over
surface in the form of a thin layer, will form a solid, adherent
and cohesive opaque film.
Some paints are also available in the form of powder. They are
either converted to a fluid form by addition of suitable thinner
prior to its application or applied directly.
example:- dry distemper, cement paints, powder coatings.
The fluid paints consist of 4 major ingredients-
1) Pigments
2) Binders
3) Thinner or Solvent
4) Additives
Why is painting required?
Around your home, you'll ordinarily require paint for three
basic elements - walls, metal and wooden surfaces. In their
lifetime, each of these will necessarily need painting
because with time, their beauty and strength decreases.

Wall surfaces chip and crack, metals rust and corrode, while
wooden furniture and doors get warped and scratched.
Different paints have specific properties that prevent, or at
least delay this. They form a protective layer around the
substrate, keeping it relatively safe. Naturally, since walls
are different from metals, which in turn have properties
dissimilar to wood, each surface requires a different type of
paint. Today, different paints have been developed, specific
to each category.

Thus the main purposes of painting are:

To protect the surface from rain, sunlight, weather, rust,
chemical environment, heat, cold, termites etc.
It enhances the aesthetic value and beautifies the painted
surface.
Composition of paints
Pigments- provide color & capacity
Binders- bind or cement the pigment materials into a coherent film
Thinner or solvent- use to render the pigment or binder mixture.
Additives- present in small quantities which perform specific role

pigments binders solvent additives

Titanium glue water Wetting agent
dioxide
Zinc oxide Casein &oils acetone defoamer
Yellow iron phenolics toluene Ph stabilizer
oxide
Chromo yellows All acrylic Butyl acetate Anti-setting
emulsion agent
Hansa red vinyls butanol Dispersing
agent
Classification of paints
Paints can be classified on the basis of :
The physical state
The thinner used
The end use
The change in composition of binder during drying
of paint film
The order of application
The extent of gloss

Physical state
Liquid Stiff
paints paints
 By mode of thinning

Solvent thinnable
Water
thinnable

By
usage

Decorative Protective
 By mode of drying

Convertible Non
convertible

The order of
application

Undercoats Topcoats
 Extent of gloss:- By reflectance
level

Glossy

Semi glossy

Egg shell/ satin

finish with
highest level of Mat
gloss finish has more
gloss than a satin t
finish. finish has
silk like
gloss,
explains the
lowest level of gloss
name Satin
 Properties
Specific properties by which the paints can be tested can be divided into
two parts:
A. Wet paint properties
B. Dry film properties

WET PAINT PROPERTIES

a) Fineness of grind
b) Viscosity/ Consistency
c) Weight per litre (WPL)
d) % Solid content or non volatile matter by weight
e) % Volume solids
f) Medium separation
g) Settling
h) Thinner intake
i) Drying properties
Surface dry
Tack free
Hard dry
j) Ease of application
k) Flow and leveling
l) Spreading, rate
m) Covering capacity
n) Flash point
o) Keeping properties

DRY FILM PROPERTIES

a) Hiding
b) Gloss
c) Scratch hardness
d) Flexibility and adhesion
e) Impact resistance
f) Cross cut adhesion
g) Acid, alkali, and water resistance
h) Abrasion resistance
i) Scrub resistance
j) Anti microbial properties
k) Corrosion resistance
Methods of application
HOT SPRAY APPLICATION

Heating of paint up to 140-180 degree C to make it less viscous by

addition of thinner with conventional cold spray application.

ADVANTAGES

High solid coating.

Saving on costly solvents.
Reduces losses from bouncing of spread paints.

AIRLESS SPRAY APPLICATION

When the liquid under high pressure is passed through the gun
nozzle, it forces the liquid at a velocity greater than the critical
velocity and hence it breaks into small droplets and facilitates
atomisation.
ADVANTAGES

Wastage of paints is less

Speedier applications
thicker coat can be applied
Paints can be applied at higher viscosity
Reduction in health and fire hazards
Cleaner finish

DISADVANTAGES

Much care has to be taken to see that the paint is free from
bits,skin and other extraneous matter owing to the very fine
orifice size of the gun.

ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING
When the atomised paint droplets pass through the negative field,
they acquire the negative charges and consequently tend to be
attracted to the surface of the induced positively charged particle.
ADVANTAGES

Uniform finish
No human skill is required.
Paint losses are almost eliminated.
Speed of production is high.
No danger to human life as amperage is low.
Powerful exhaust system ,not necessary to remove over spray.

DISADVANTAGES

Initial investment is relatively high.

Specially formulated paints are to be used .
Internal surface are not always adequately covered as no
electrostatic charge
can exist inside a hollow conductor.

DIP APPPLICATION
The process is a rapid and low cost method for coating large number of
components and hence is extremely useful in odern mass production.
This process can be divided into three types:
1. HAND DIPPING

t consist of rapid immersion and withdrawal and then the articles are allowed
o remain in air for 15 minutes before stoving in the oven.

ADVANTAGES

Rapidity, low cost, low paint losses and ensure all surface is painted.

DISADVANTAGES

Much handling is required and the process produces more tears, sags and
bubbles as compared to automatic dipping.

2. CONVEYO RISED DIPPING

This is a logical development from hand dipping and has resulted in a very
apid and economical method of painting large no of articles. Four type of
onveyorised dipping are in use
Flight-bar type
. Mono-rail overhead system
i. Rotodip process
v. Slipper dip process
3. SLOW DIPPING

This is an improvement over conveyorised dipping in sa sence that

rate of
withdrawal is further reduced.

ADVANTAGES

. Rapidity of painting.
. Low cost painting.
. Reproducibility of results.
. Ability to cover internal surfaces

DISADVANTAGES

. Invariably the top edges & sharp edges of articles have a very
thin coat.
. Drips, tears occur after dripping on the lowest section of the
article.
. Large dipping tanks involve a large capital investment & a
danger of the paint deteriorating & gelling.
OTHER APPLICATION TECHNIQUES

1) BARELLING
2) ELECTRO DEPOSITION
3) AEROSOL SPRAYING
4) FLOW COATING
5) CURTAIN COATING
6) SCREEN PRINTING
Types of paints
 Emulsions- Anemulsionis amixtureof two or
moreliquidsthat are normallyimmiscible.
This type of paint is also water based and provides a rich and Matt finish to interior
walls. The differentiating factor of emulsion paints is its acrylic quality. Its composition
imparts excellent durability to the painted surface and gives the walls a just painted
look. It washable and most stains can be removed easily by wiping with a cloth dipped
in a mild soap solution. The paint film is also fungus and mildew resistant.

MARKET SURVEY ON SOME EMULSION PRODUCTS:-

1) Asian Paints APEX texture exterior emulsion is an acrylic copolymer

emulsion based textured wall coating for exteriors. It has a unique
formulation that is long-lasting & protective.
TECHNICAL DATA
COVERAGE - on normal masonry surface:-
one coat-6-7 sq mt per lts
two coat-3-3.5 sq mt per lts
DRYING TIME - 30 minutes
GLOSS LEVELS/SHEEN LEVELS - Matt finish
STABILITY OF THINNED PAINT - Use within 24 hours
SHELF LIFE - 3 years from manufactured date in
original tightly closed containers away from direct
sunlight and excessive heat.
Distemper

This is perhaps the most economical type of painting available in the Indian market today. It can be
classified as a "Whitewash" job. This term is probably deep rooted in our vocabulary as home owners
whitewash their homes prior to renting it out and occupants insist on a periodic whitewash from the
home owners ! The major constituents of distemper are chalk, lime, water and some coloring agents if
necessary. Distemper is a water based paint.
 Enamels:- Enamel painting is done for mainly two
surfaces-
Enamels

Metal Wood

MARKET SURVEY ON SOME ENAMEL

PRODUCTS:-
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION- asian paints gattu enamel is a solvent
based paint which gives a long lasting glossy finish.
PERFORMANCE FEATURES- It imparts a glossy finish to the painted
surface. It forms a tough film that is resistant to stains & water.
RECOMMENDED USAGE- It should be used only in interior surfaces.
TECHNICAL DATA
COVERAGE - on smooth primed mild steel surface
by brushing
one coat-13-16 sq mt per litre
two coats- 7-9 sq mt per litre
DRYING TIME -3 hours
GLOSS LEVELS/SHEEN LEVELS - 75-85 on tin plate at
20degree GH
FLASH POINT - 35 degree celsius
STABILITY OF THINNED PAINT - use within 24 hours
SHELF LIFE - 3 years from date of manufacture in
original tightly closed containers away
from direct sunlight and excessive heat.
PACK SIZE - 500ml, 1 lt, 4 lts, 10 lts, 20 lts
SHADE RANGE - currently available in 34 shades
Cement based paints
A water paint in which white or coloured pigment and
cement forms the base.
Available in packed powder form under trade name such as
snowcem etc. for new works cement paint is applied in three
coats whereas for old works one or two coats may be adequate.
This paint should be used within an hour of its mixing.
This paint is applied to exposed or plastered brick masonry &
concrete work.

Enamel paint-
It is made by adding pigments like white lead or zinc white to a
vehicle which is a varnish.
On drying it forms a smooth glossy relative hard &
permanentsolid thin film
Used for both interior & exterior.
Commonly used for painting porches, decks, stairs, concrete
surfaces etc.

Oil paints-
Can be used for almost all surfaces such as wooden, masonry,
Rubber base paints-
Has excellent acid alkali & moisture resistant properties
Can be readily used for application on new concrete & lime
plastered surfaces.
Made from rubber treated with chlorine gas(chlorinated
rubber) dissolved in suitable solvents & mixed with other
pigments.
It is commonly used as protective coating on cement
concrete floors & interiors or exteriors masonry surfaces.

Casein paints-
Is a protein substance extracted from milk curd which is
mixed up with a base consisting of white pigment like
whiting, titanium, lithopone etc
Usually available in powder or pasty form.
Has high opacity
Resistant to scaling or alkali burning
Can be tinted in any desired shade of colour.
Usually applied on walls, ceilings, wall boards etc.
When applied on exteriors of cement, brick or stone
masonry a little quantity of drying oil or varnish is added to
the paint to make it weather well.
 VARNISHES
Varnishis atransparent , hard, protective finish or film
primarily used inwood finishingbut also for other materials.
Varnish is traditionally a combination of adrying oil , aresin ,
and athinner or solvent.

Varnish has little or nocolour , is transparent, and has no

addedpigment, as opposed topaints orwood stains.

Painted surfaces are varnished to enhance the appearance of

the paint and increase the durability of the paint film.

The preparation of varnish is a tedious job & as such as far as

possible readymade varnishes should be used for all purposes.
mponents of classic varn
DRYING OIL-
There are many different types ofdrying oil , includinglinseed oil ,tung
oil , andwalnut oil. These contain high levels ofpolyunsaturated fatty
acids.

RESIN
Resins that are used in varnishes
includeamber,kaurigum,dammar,copal,rosin(pineresin),sandarac,b
alsam,elemi,mastic, and others.

TURPENTINE OR SOLVENT
Traditionally, natural (organic)turpentine was used as the thinner or
solvent, but has been replaced by several mineral basedturpentine
substitutes such aswhite spirit or "paint thinner.
ORDER OF PAINTING
Painting a room in the correct order will save time and cost. Begin with the ceilings (1), walls (2) (1
& 2 being water-based paints only), cornice (3), doors (4), windows (5) and floor (6). If the walls are
to be finished with a wallpaper then all the paintwork must be completed first.
PROCESS OF PAINTING
Pre-painting work
This includes preparation work like masonry work, crack filling, water proofing etc. These have to
be undertaken to get the maximum life for the final paint film.
Surface preparation
The surface should be dry before painting.
It should be rubbed with sand paper so that it removes all loose and dust particles or rust in case of
metals. It must also be free from all kinds of oily or greasy substance.
Any old paint should be removed from the surface.
If there are any white ants/ termites (in case of wooden surface), 2/3 coats of Kiricide to be applied
on the naked surface. It will go inside the wooden surface. Allow it to dry completely for 15 days
before any kind of application.
If there are any microbial growth use Biocide wash.
Apply one coat of primer as the condition may be, this will grip the surface.
Apply one coat of Plaster of Paris or wall putty or Wood Filler on the dried primed surface. This will
fill the cracks, undulation & dents on the surface and make it smooth.
Allow it to dry fully. Cut the surface with sand paper (wet/ dry) nicely. After the surface becomes
smooth, apply one coat of primer again. This will reduce the moisture absorbing power of the
surface as maximum as possible.
Painting
This includes the steps to be followed in getting the final paint film on the surface.

The process of painting is different for different types of surfaces. To know more about the painting
process for each type of surface click on the type of surface you wish to paint.
Low Coverage
Causes
Improper thinning and application.
Highly absorbent surface.
Rough texture of plaster.
Top coat application directly over putty without
application of primer
Prevention :
Follow recommended instructions on application
procedures and thinning.
Blistering/Swelling of Paint
Causes
Caused by trapped moisture or gases in paint
film (More likely in enamels).
Prevention :
Follow the specified recoating time interval.
Top coat application should not result in too
thick a film at a time.
Remedy :
Smooth sand the surface and then repaint it.
Poor Adhesion
Causes
Application of paint over oily, greasy or very
smooth surface.
Application over loose particles like dust or rust
Not sanding previous coat of gloss paint
Application over partially dried coat.
Prevention
Ensure proper surface preparation.
Remedy
Surface should be repainted
Chalking
Causes
Application of paint over oily, greasy or very
smooth surface.
Application over loose particles like dust or rust.
Not sanding previous coat of gloss paint.
Application over partially dried coat.
Prevention
Ensure proper surface preparation.
Remedy:
Surface should be repainted
Orange Peel Brush Marks
Causes: Causes :
Application of top coat paint in highly viscous Applying paint using poor quality brushes.
form. Highly viscous paint.
Use of improper thinner Careless Application.

Prevention :
Prevention: Use proper brushes and thin paint to desired
Sufficient drying time between coats. proportion.
Use recommended painting system
Remedy :
Sand surface to a smooth finish and apply paint
Remedy: (after thinning to desired proportion ).
Scrape out Orange peel and repaint. Use good quality brushes.
Sags and Run Checking and Chalking
Causes:
Cracking of plaster.
Causes: Application of matt finish over glossy undercoat
Application of excessive thick coat. finish
Use of a wrong thinner. Application of finish coat before drying of the
under coat.
Applying quick hard dry coats over a soft one.
Prevention:
Apply finish coat using recommended thinner. Prevention:
Do not apply thick coats. Undercoat and top coat of paint should have
identical physical properties.
Allow drying time between two coats.
Remedy
Sand surface to smooth the sagged areas and Remedy:
repaint. Entire coat must be completely removed.
Exposed base should be then rubbed down to a
smooth face and primed before repainting.
Cissing/Tiny Craters Microbial Growth
Causes: Causes:
Painting over a surface affected with microbial growth.
Small impurities in paint (oil, grease), visible in
Seepage or dampness in buildings.
centre of hole. Contamination of paint by materials used in putty
Caused by oily or greasy surface/due to water preparation.
based paints being applied over gloosy or
smooth enamel paints. Prevention:
Before painting, area should be cleaned with 5-10 %
bleach solution.
Prevention:
Use clear water for thinning and putty preparation.
Clean surfaces prior to sanding and remove all Keep doors and windows open during and after painting.
sanding dust.
Remedy:
Remedy: Clean with bleach solution and repaint.
Remove paint completely from affected areas Patchiness/Unveven Finish
Causes:
and repaint.
Application of finish coat over spot puttied surfaces.
Clean the surface thoroughly with soap solution High alkalinity of surface (evident in new walls).
and water. Roughen enamel paint with Incomplete drying of putty.
Sandpaper or use a barrier coat of matt primer. Application of thick coat of putty.
Due to highly absorbent nature of surface
Yellowing
Prevention:
Causes:
Allow new walls to get cured for at least three months.
Paint Film is deprived of natural sunlight. Apply thin coats of putty.
(Especially in case of Enamels) Always apply a primer coat after applying spot putty.
Paint film subjected to too much sunlight. Always sandwich coats of putty with primer.
Cracks in plaster should be filled with cement sand
Prevention: mixture.
Use good paints
Remedy:
Improved daylight and ventilation for inside Scrape the surface and repaint adopting the right
work. surface preparation.

Remedy:
Surface should be cleaned and repainted.
Efforescence
Causes
Formation of white powdery deposit on walls
after painting due to salts present in building
material like brick and mortar, which surface
later on.

Remedies
Give a long time gap between plastering and
painting (about 6 months including one
monsoon) use paint with a porous film like
emulsions and distempers.
Non-drying or slow drying of paint film
Causes
Due to humidity, poor air circulation, low
temperature or presence of oil or grease on the
surface/due to alkalinity of the surface.

Remedies
Reduce the impact of atmospheric conditions to
the extent possible; scrub oil or grease offwith a
rag soacked in white spirit and wash with water
and soap.
Bittiness
Causes
Caused by dirt from atmosphere on the surface
or from brushes that are inadequately
cleaned/due to bits of dried-up part that gets
stirred in.

Remedies
Use clean brushes and paint on clean surface;
Painting on Wooden Surfaces - Opaque Finishes

Previously painted wooden surfaces must be properly sanded to remove any dust
or grease.
Apply wood primer by brush, after thinning to given ratio by recommended
thinner.
Allow it to dry for 6-8 hr then apply putty or Lambi .
Sand the applied putty with 180 no. sand paper & apply 2nd coat of wood primer.
Now the wooden surface is ready for painting with the top coat

Painting

For opaque finish you can choose conventional enamels (Apcolite Premium Gloss
Enamel, Apcolite Premium Satin Enamel or Gattu Synthetic Enamel).
Apply wood primer by brush, after thinning to given ratio by recommended
thinner.
Allow it to dry for 6-8 hr then apply putty or Lambi.
Sand the applied putty with 180 no. sand paper & apply 2nd coat of wood primer.
Now the wooden surface is ready for painting with the top coat
Enamels are normally applied by brushing although they can also be sprayed.
The drying time of enamels is longer; hence care must be taken to ensure a dust
free environment while the paint film is drying.
Two coats of paint is sufficient in most cases, however if the earlier paint shade
was significantly darker than the new shade an additional coat of paint is
recommended.
PAINT BRANDS
Berger
 Types of varnishes
Depending on the solvent used, varnishes may be classsified as

Oil varnish- a cooked mixture of drying oil(usually linseed oil) and

resins(usually copal) dissolved in volatile liquid thinner(turpentine
or benzene).

Spar varnish- forms a weather-resistant coating when used on

exposed surfaces like rail road coaches etc. should not be used
indoors as it gives stickily effect in warm weathers.

Flat varnish- those varnishes which dry with a reduced gloss.

Asphalt varnish- made by dissolving melted hard asphalt in

linseed oil & thinned with turpentine or petroleum spirit.

Spirit varnish- a solution of a resin or other film forming material

dissolved in a volatile liquid.
Other types of varnishes
Violin
Resin
Shellac
Alkyd
Drying Oils
Polyurethane
Lacquer
Acrylic
Two-Part
Conversion
FRENCH POLISH-
It is a spirit varnish
Made by dissolving 0.15 kg of pure shellac in 1 litre of
methylated spirit and staining the solution through a
double thickness of coarse muslin
Suitable pigment may be added to get to get the required
shade
Used for high class furniture and other wood work.

METHOD OF APPLYING-
Wooden surface is cleaned.
All unevenness is rubbed down smooth with sand paper.
All the visible knots should be covered with a preparation
of red lead & glue size laid on while hot.
Holes & indentations on the surface should be stopped
with glaziers putty.
The surface is then given a coat of wood filter made by
mixing whiting (ground chalk) in methylated spirit at the
rate of 1.5 kg of whiting to 1 litre of spirit.
The surface is again rubbed down perfectly smooth with
glass paper and wiped clean.
on this prepared surface, French polish is applied with a
pad of woollen cloth covered by a fine cloth.
The pad is moistened with the polish and then rubbed hard
on the surface in a series of over-lapping circles so that the
polish is applied sparingly but uniformly over the entire area.
The surface is then allowed to dry.
Several codes will be necessary (each succeeding code
being applied in the same way after the previous one has
dried) before desired finished is achieved .
 Market rates
Enamels-
Gloss enamels-Rs 237
Satin enamel- Rs 264
Synthetic enamel- Rs 200

Thinners-
Around Rs 240

Interior wall finishes-

Royale luxury emulsion- Rs 412
Premier emulsion- rs 253
Interior wall(lustre)- Rs 237
Tractor emulsion-Rs 132

Exterior emulsions-
APEX- Rs250-Rs270
ACE-Rs 150-Rs160
WALL FINISHES

Walls are the

vertical building
elements which
divide the spaces
from each other. Layers of a Wall
Walls generally
have load
bearing,
separation,
insulation and
conservation
 PROCEDURESinternal WALL
plastering
1. Layers of "base coat" plastering in the finished brick walls tied. This
layer is important because it will absorb water from the layers
of "finish coat" that will plastering then that the wall does not
look wet. This layer is also aimed at leveling the brick wall bond that
are less flat.
2. Layer "finish coat" will plastering later on at a thickness of 1/2
to 1 depending on the uniformity of the wall using a finishing
trowel.
3. Finally, the layers of "plaster" will plastering with a layer
of oil (slurry cement). This mixture consists of masonry cement and
water. This layer that will highlight the aesthetic features of buildings
constructed. After the layers of cement "slurry plastering, it will
be painted with water using a brush to paint fine lines formed at
the wall to retain moisture in the plastering. This is necessary so that
the paint will stick to the walls painted.
 proceduresexternalwall
plastering
For the exterior wall plastering made only
involves two layers of the "base coat and
"finish coat". Made for plastering the walls outside
the home is more gross and appeared. After the layers
of "finish coat", the external wall is painted with
water using a sponge. It aims to
reveal more gross wall surface.
EXAMPLE OF PLASTERING
INTERNAL WALL EXTERNAL WALL
 INTERNAL PLASTERS
Plastering is a centuries-old craft which
provides a comparatively uneven wall
with a smooth, flat surface.
In the past, plaster was based on lime,
but today it is also based on gypsum
and cement.
Plaster is applied to wall or other
surfaces as a wet mixture of binding
material (lime, cement or gypsum),
aggregate (usually sand) and water.
 Types of Internal Plasters

1. Mineral Plasters
(Binding materials are lime, cement and gypsum
which are inorganic materials. Also aggregates and
colour pigments are obtained from natural minerals)
1.1 Lime and Cement Plasters
1.2 Gypsum Plasters

2. Polymer Plasters
(Binding material is a polymer resin like acrylic)
LIME AND CEMENT PLASTERS
Materials and mixes used in plastering
are either:
A matrix or
A matrix plus aggregates

MATRIX: a mix, which has a setting

action.
THE AGGREGATE: the inert filler.
Purposes of aggregates:
To provide special wearing qualities
To provide better workability
To provide regulation of shrinkage
To provide cheapening of the mix cost
To improve insulation
Lime Plaster
The binding material is only lime and also
include sand and water. (Kire Sva)
Before the 19th century Portland cement
was not manufactured and the matrix then
used was lime.
The mix then was: 1 part of lime + 3 part
of sand + water
Cement Plaster
This kind of plasters include cement
as a basic binding material, however
it is include also small amount (25 %)
of lime in order to prevent cracks and
increase workability by increasing
the setting time.
Lime and Cement Plaster (Stucco)

This kind of plasters are include cement in

order to increase the strength of the
plaster.
The ratio of the cement is 20 or 30 % of
the lime ratio.
Stucco makes an excellent exterior and
interior wall covering, as it is attested by
its long and much appreciated history.
 During the old periods of time, before the Modern
Era, lime has been used in stucco as the only
matrix available for builders. But its slow
hardening has led to the use of Portland cement
in the mixture of stucco, after the Portland cement
was discovered at the beginning of the 19 th
century. Portland cement is today the most widely
used material for such purpose.
With white Portland cement and lime, a wide
range of colors is obtainable, particularly when
colored sands and stone chips are employed with
the colored pigments. If the surface to be
stuccoed is masonry, two coats are applied; if the
surface is metal lath, three coats are required.
 LIMES
The row materials from which building
limes are obtained are limestones and
chalks.
Both of these materials are largely
composed of calcium carbonate and were
formed over a period of millions of years by
calcium deposits mostly from marine life in
the oceans of the world.
As a result of later earth movements,
layers of limestone are to be found in many
countries of the world.
 The limestone and chalk is quarried,
crashed and then heated in kilns to drive
out the carbon dioxide content.
The resulting material withdrawn from the
kilns is calcium oxide, known also as burnt
lime, lump lime, quick lime or as lime.
The materials are slaked with water to form
slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), also
known as lime putty.
Lime putty sets by a process of carbonation
as a result of loss of water and also by
combining chemically with carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere
Classification of limes:
The classification of limes is based on the
degree of hydraulicity as follows:

1.Non-hydraulic limes:
. This is the purist type of lime containing
up to 98% calcium oxide. This produces a
putty lime, which has high plasticity and
workability and sets slowly by
carbonation.
2.Semi-hydraulic limes
These limes contain sufficient impurities
giving the limes hydraulic tendencies
(hardening or setting under water)
3.Eminently hydraulic limes

These contain high degree of

impurities, which give the resulting
slaked lime properties similar to
Portland cement. A well-known type of
hydraulic lime is called Blue Lias lime.
4.Hydrated Limes
This lime is obtained by slaking high
calcium lime under controlled conditions
in a manufacturers plant, after which
the excess water is dried off. The
resulting powdered hydrated lime is
sold in 25 kg bags. Hydrated lime,
soaked in water, will produce a lime
putty with improved yield and
workability.
 PLASTERING
Plastering is one of the finishing of the walls. It functions as a:
Protect / cover the basic work.
Produce a flat surface and neatly.
Protect the basic work of the climate action.
A cushion to the finishing paint work and laying of tiles.
Provide facilities for cleaning.
Increase durability to the work of the foundation.
Provide comfort and safety to the residents who live in it.
 PLASTERING

CEMENT
LIME

MATERIALS

WATER SAND
 Procedure of plastering of internal
walls
1. Layers of "base coat" plastering in the finished brick walls tied. This
layer is important because it will absorb water from the layers
of "finish coat" that will plastering then that the wall does not
look wet. This layer is also aimed at leveling the brick wall bond that are
less flat.
2. Layer "finish coat" will plastering later on at a thickness of 1/2
to 1 depending on the uniformity of the wall using a finishing trowel.
3. Finally, the layers of "plaster" will plastering with a layer
of oil (slurry cement). This mixture consists of masonry cement and
water. This layer that will highlight the aesthetic features of buildings
constructed. After the layers of cement "slurry plastering, it will
be painted with water using a brush to paint fine lines formed at
the wall to retain moisture in the plastering. This is necessary so that
the paint will stick to the walls painted.
EXAMPLE OF PLASTERING
RENDERING