WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE

By Michele Colucci
www.colucci.eu - info@colucci.eu
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Spring Semester 2008

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Something to think about...
The goal of those involved in
professional sports, Whitman says, is
to win now and at virtually any
cost. The financial and social benefits
gained from on-field success and the
rapidly diminishing time window for
athletes to achieve that success
contribute to a modern sports culture
that emphasizes the ends over the
means victory over integrity!

Josh Whitman, 2008

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 DOPING
Definition: the use and abuse of
performance enhancing substances in elite
sport.
Derivation: from the Dutch word dop, a
beverage that Zulu warriors used prior to
battle.
Term became current ~ start of 20th
century in reference to illegal drugging of
racehorses
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 DOPING - History
Egyptian slaves fed elixirs (likely from khat
leaves) thought to relieve stress
Slaves of the Incas worked better after chewing
coca leaves
A century ago, marathoners & cyclists used
strychnine, and cyclists used caffeine, cocaine,
and even alcohol for an advantage.

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 DOPING - History
1928 IAAF bans doping (use of stimulants)
1966 FIFA (football) & UCI (cycling) introduce
drug testing at championships
1968 drug testing first used in Olympic Games
1976 IOC bans anabolic steroids
1979 testing for illegal drugs by IOC begins
1986 IOC bans blood doping
1999 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
founded
2000 - first Olympics testing for EPO
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Motivations for Use of DOPING
To enhance performance
Increased strength, endurance,
alertness, aggression
Decreased reaction time, fatigue,
anxiety, muscle tremor
Belief that others are using PES
(performance enhancing substances)
Coping with pain and injury rehabilitation

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Prevention of DOPING
Acknowledge that athletes use PES
Education about PES at all levels
Education of athletes, coaches, parents,
public
Marketing to sell the concept of clean
sports and condemnation of PES use
Penalties financial and no-compete
Appeal to Ethics
Attention to athletes non-sports issues
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World Anti-Doping Agency

WADA is responsible for:

The World Anti-Doping Program, including the World Anti-Doping
Code
Worldwide out of comp testing program
Research
Education and Ethics
Independent Observers

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The World Anti-Doping Program

Purpose:

To protect athletes fundamental right to participate in

doping-free sport.

To ensure harmonised, coordinated and effective anti-

doping programs.

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 The WADA Code

The purpose of the Code is to ensure the

fight against drugs in sport is intensified,
accelerated, harmonised and unified.

Dick Pound, WADA President March 2003

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Structure of the WADP

Level 1 The Code itself

Level 2 - International Standards

Level 3 Models of Best Practice

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 The Code

Harmonisation of doping rules will level

the playing field.
Principles-based document.
Includes rules and responsibilities.

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 The Code

PART 1 DOPING CONTROL

PART 2 EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
PART 3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
PART 4 ACCEPTANCE AND COMPLIANCE

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 International Standards

Standard for The Prohibited List.

Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions.
Standard for Testing
Standard for Laboratories.

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 Models of Best Practice

Being prepared by WADA & tailored to

stakeholder needs.
Compliant with the Code and International
Standards.
Not mandatory - provide alternatives from which
stakeholders may select.

Model Rules of Best Practice for IFs are available on

the WADA website.

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 Acceptance of the Code

At the World Conference on Doping in Sport in

Copenhagen, 5 March 2003.

Accepted by all major sports federations, key

stakeholders and 60 Government.
New Revised Code (entry into force: January
1, 2009)

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Key Issues under the Code

DOPING CONTROL
Anti-Doping Rule Violations
Mandatory Sanctions
The List
Therapeutic Use
Athlete Whereabouts
WADA Clearinghouse

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 Key Issues the Code
The Definition of Doping
Anti-doping rule violations:
Current Violations (presence of, use, refusals):
New violations:
relating to athlete whereabouts.
Evasions
Admissions under attempted use
Improved provisions for:
Trafficking, possession, administration etc.

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SANCTIONS
Basic sanctions for a 1st and 2nd offence
Mandatory 2 years and life unless exceptional
circumstances apply.
Exceptional Circumstances
Provide for a sanction to be waived/reduced if no
fault/no significant fault can be established.
Lesser penalties for specified substances
Sanctions for other A-D rule violations.

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ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS &
CORRESPONDING SANCTIONS

CONSEQUENCES:
Positive Test Result
For Teams

PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY

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VIOLATIONS & SANCTIONS
For Prohibited Substances and Methods:
The presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites in a
specimen.
Use or attempted use, including admissions.
Possession.

First violation: 2 years

Second violation: lifetime,
However exceptional circumstances clause may be invoked.

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VIOLATIONS & SANCTIONS
For Specified Substances:
Substances susceptible to inadvertent doping.

First violation: At a minimum, a warning and reprimand

and no period of ineligibility from future Events, and at
a maximum, 1 year
Second violation: 2 years
Third violation: Lifetime

Exceptional circumstances may apply.

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VIOLATIONS & SANCTIONS

Refusing or failing to commit to sample

collection, including evasion.
Tampering.

First violation: 2 years

Second violation: lifetime
Exceptional circumstances may apply.

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VIOLATIONS & SANCTIONS
Trafficking
Administration of Prohibited Substances or Methods.
Assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up

First violation: minimum 4 years up to a lifetime of ineligibility

Athlete support personnel who violate non-sporting laws may be
reported to authorities.

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VIOLATIONS & SANCTIONS

Failure to provide required whereabouts information

Missed tests which are declared based on reasonable
rules
May either be intentional or negligent conduct of the Athlete

First violation: minimum 3 months and at a maximum 2 years

Subsequent period established in anti-doping organisations rules

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CONSEQUENCES OF A POSITIVE TEST RESULT
At competition and multi-race events
Automatic disqualification of the results
Disqualified from all events, eg at Olympics.

For teams

One team member in a Team Sport: Target Testing for the Event
More than one team member: subject to disqualification or other
disciplinary action

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PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY
Starts on the date of the hearing decision, or if
justified at an earlier date, and athlete:

Should not participate in any capacity

Some or all sport-related financial support or other
sport-related benefits withheld
Mutual Recognition
Available for out of competition testing
Provide whereabouts information

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 The Prohibited List

Single list, based on evidence and

research.
2 of 3 criteria must be satisfied for
inclusion.
Performance Enhancing
Pose unnecessary risk of harm
Violate the spirit of sport
Exemptions are not permitted but IF can
recommend additions to the basic List

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 Key Issues

Therapeutic Use Exemption

Permission to use, for therapeutic purposes, drugs

which are otherwise prohibited in sporting competition

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 Therapeutic Use Exemption
Standard

Mandatory
Criteria and process for TUE
Retrospectivity emergency medical
treatment
IF/NF Responsibilities

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Athlete Whereabouts
Athletes are responsible for providing correct and accurate
whereabouts information to the responsible organisation.
Failure to do so amounts to an anti-doping rule violation
under the Code.

WADA is the central Clearing House

for all doping control information.

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Other Key Points under the Code

Testing & Analysis

Results Management
Right to a Fair Hearing & Appeals
National/international level athletes
Roles and Responsibilities
Acceptance and Implementation

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 Testing Standards

Ensure that athletes are tested in the same

manner wherever they are

Maintain the integrity, identity, and security

of samples.

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 Standards
Testing Standards

Planning of testing
Selection of athletes
Notification of athletes
Sample collection
Transport of samples.

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 Standards

Laboratory accreditation standard

Ensure a world wide system where results

may apply across boundaries.

Achieve uniform results and reporting

standards.

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 Key Points

Results Management

Right to a Fair Hearing

Appeals

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 Key Points

National/International Level Athletes

Different requirements re:
TUEs
Registered Testing Pools
Appeals

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 Clarification of Responsibilities

Clarification of Responsibilities
Coordination of Testing & Results
Event testing only 1 organisation initiates and directs tests at
events
Out-Of-Competition Testing WADA coordinates
Mutual recognition testing, TUE, hearings and
appeals: recognised and respected by all
signatories

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EDUCATION & RESEARCH

Each anti-doping organisation should plan,

implement and monitor information and
education programs, at a minimum on:
Substances & methods on the Prohibited List
Health consequences of doping
Doping Control procedures
Athletes' rights and responsibilities

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Roles and Responsibilities
Relationship between the NF & IF.
NF will interact with the Code through IF.
IF is now clearly responsible for ensuring consistent response from
the NF.

Harmonisation of rules
Vertical uniformity will ensure that athletes are not subject to
different rules within the same sport.

Recognition of athletes and their support personnel.

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Acceptance & Compliance

Acceptance and implementation of the Code

Each IF shall accept and implement the Code on or before
Athens Olympic Games.

Consequences of non-compliance
By a government or NOC,
shall result in consequences with respect to the Olympic Games,
World champs or major events.

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 THE FIGHT AGAINST DOPING IN
THE USA
The Mitchell report (December 2007)...beyond simple
recommendations...

The minority of players who used (performance

enhancing) substances were wrong. They violated
federal law and baseball policy, and they distorted the
fairness of competition by trying to gain an unfair
advantage over the majority of players who followed the
law and the rules.
They the players who follow the law and the rules are
faced with the painful choice of either being placed at a
competitive disadvantage or becoming illegal users
themselves. No one should have to make that choice.

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In doping, the war is never won

Juan Antonio Samaranch

former IOC president

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