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Collecting Primary Data

LIZBETH ANAIZ LPEZ


ARLIN ESTEFANA FONSECA
Asking questions

Manipulating Conducting
models interviews

Basic methods
used to collect
primary data
Observing without
Doing experiments
getting involved

Immersing oneself
in a situation
Sampling

Used when you want to get You examine some of them


You can also examine the
information about a large and the data collected are
dynamics rather than
group of individual people representative (or
individuals.
or things. typical) of all the rest.

If you want to draw


A comparative
conclusions about all the
approach is done by
Individual cases will be cases, you will need to
selecting several very
groups rather than single select a few typical ones for
different ones, eg. Those
people. detailed study, called case
showing extreme
studies using a sampling
characteristics.
method.
How representative is the sample of the whole population?

Population
A collective term used to
describe the total quantity
of things (or cases) of the
Sampling type which are the subject
Frame of your study.
Sample

The selected category


comes from the sampling
frame.
Populations characteristics:

Homogeneous Stratified Proportional Grouped by Grouped by


all cases are contain strata stratified type location
similar or layers contains contains different
strata of distinctive groups
known groups according to
proportions where they
are
If the population is very homogeneous, and the study is not very
detailed, then a small samples will give a fairly representative view of
the whole.
The size of the sample should be in direct relationship of the
number of variables to be studied.
The measured difference between the mean value of a sample and
that of the population is called the sampling error, which will lead
to bias in the results.
Bias is the unwanted distortion of the results of a survey due to
parts of the population being more strongly represented than others.
Types of sampling procedure:

Probability sampling Non-probability sampling

Based on using random Based on selection by non-


methods to select the random means.
sample. Useful for quick surveys or
where it is difficult to get
The select procedure access to the whole
should aim to guarantee population but it provides
that each element has an only a weak basis for
generalization.
equal chance of being
There is a variety of
selected and that every techniques that can be uses,
possible combination of the such as accidental sampling,
elements also has an equal quota sampling and snowball
chance of being selected. technique.
Questionnaires are for gaining quantitative
Data and qualitative data. This method of data
Collection collection is called a survey.
There a three methods of delivering
Methods questionnaires; personally, by post or though
Asking questions the internet.
There are two question types:
1. closed format questions the respondent
must choose form a set of given answers. They
do limit the range of possible answers.
2. Open format questions the respondent
is free to answer in their own content and style.
These permit freedom but it can lead to a lack of
bias. The answer is more open to the researcher
interpretation.
It is common practice to pre-test the
questionnaire on a small number of people
before it is used in earnest. This is called pilot
study.
Data A data collection method used
Collection qualitative to find information on
Methods peoples actions and feelings by
asking them to give their own
Accounts and
diaries interpretation, or account, of what
they experience.
Accounts can consist of a variety of
data sources: spoken explanations,
behavior, personal records of
experiences and conversations,
letters and personal diaries.
You must avoid leading questions,
excessive guidance and other factors
which may cause distortion.
Data Types of interview:
1. Structured interview standardized
Collection questions read out by the interviewer
Methods according to an interview schedule.
Answers may be closed format.
Conducting
2. Unstructured interview a flexible
interviews
format, usually based on a question guide
but where the format remains the choice
of the interviewer, who can allow the
interview to ramble in order to get
insights into the attitudes of the
interviewee. No closed format questions.
3. Semi-structured interview one that
contains structured and unstructured
sections with standardized and open type
questions.
Face-to-face Focus groups Telephone interview
Data
Collection
Methods
Observing without
getting involved
Data
Collection
Methods
Immersing oneself
in a situation
Data
Collection
Methods
Internal and
external validity
Data
Collection
Methods
Laboratory and field
experiments
Data
Collection
Methods
Types of
experiments
Data
Collection
Methods
Manipulating
Models or
simulations

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