Data Transmission and

Line Coding

Dr. Tuhina Samanta

BEIT, 4th Semester

 Digital Data, Digital Signal

Digital signal
Discrete,discontinuous voltage pulses
Each pulse is a signal element

Binary data encoded into signal elements

BEIT, 4th Semester 2

Line Coding

BEIT, 4th Semester 3

 Line Coding
Unipolar
All signal elements have same sign
Polar
One logic state represented by positive voltage
the other by negative voltage
Data rate
Rate of data transmission in bits per second
Duration or length of a bit
Time taken for transmitter to emit the bit
BEIT, 4th Semester 4
 Terms

Modulation rate
Rateat which the signal level changes
Measured in baud = signal elements per second

Mark and Space

Binary 1 and Binary 0 respectively

BEIT, 4th Semester 5

Requirements of Encoding Schemes

Signal Spectrum
Lack of high frequencies reduces required bandwidth
Lack of dc component allows ac coupling via
transformer, providing isolation
Concentrate power in the middle of the bandwidth

Clocking
Synchronizing transmitter and receiver
External
clock
Sync mechanism based on signal
BEIT, 4th Semester 6
Requirements of Encoding Schemes
Error detection
Can be built in to signal encoding
Signal interference and noise immunity
Transparency to 1s and 0s.
Some codes are better than others

Cost and complexity

Higher signal rate (& thus data rate) lead to
higher costs

BEIT, 4th Semester 7

 Encoding Schemes (Line Coding)
Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
Bipolar -AMI
Pseudoternary
Manchester
Differential Manchester
B8ZS
HDB3
BEIT, 4th Semester 8
Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
Voltage constant during bit interval
no transition i.e. no return to zero voltage
Line Coding
Absence of voltage for zero, constant positive
voltage for one
More often, negative voltage for one value and
positive for the other
Alternately called NRZ-L
BEIT, 4th Semester 9
 NRZ

BEIT, 4th Semester 10

 NRZ pros and cons
Pros
Easyto engineer
Make good use of bandwidth

Cons
dccomponent
Lack of synchronization capability

Used for magnetic recording

Not often used for signal transmission
BEIT, 4th Semester 11
 RZ Line Codes
Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
Transition return to zero voltage within a bit interval
1 1 0 0 1 0

ON-OFF(RZ)

POLAR (RZ)

BIPOLAR (RZ)

BEIT, 4th Semester 12

 Power Spectral Density (Polar-RZ)

Let R() time correlation function of pulse

train.
ak be pulse amplitude.
R0 time average of square of the pulse
amplitude, (correlation of ak with ak
,autocorrelation)
ltN (1/N)k ak2 = ltN (N)/(N) = 1

BEIT, 4th Semester 13

 Power Spectral Density (Polar-RZ)
R1 = multiply ak and ak+1th pulse. (correlation
between ak and ak+1)
Possible bit combinations 00, 01, 10, 11
R1 ltN(1/N) [ (N/2)(1) + (N/2)(-1) ] = 0
All Rn = 0, n 1

BEIT, 4th Semester 14

 PSD expression
PSD Sx() is Fourier transform of Autocorrelation
Rx() 1
Rx ( ) Rn ( nTb )
Tb n

1
S x ( ) ( R0 2 Rn cos(nTb ))
Tb n 1

assuming R() is even function of .

PSD of the resulting line code is,

| P ( ) | 2
( R0 2n 1 Rn cos( nTb ))

S y ( ) | P( ) | S x ( )
2

Tb
BEIT, 4th Semester 15
 PSD of Polar Signaling
For polar coding let p(t) be a rectangular pulse
of width Tb/2.
p(t) T /2. b

Then, p (t ) rect (
t 2t
) rect ( )
Tb / 2 Tb
Therefore, T T T
P( )
b
b b
sin c( )
2 4
PSD of polar signaling is,
| P( ) | 2 | P( ) | 2 Tb 2 Tb
S y ( ) R0 sin c ( )
Tb Tb 4 4

BEIT, 4th Semester 16

 Properties of Polar (RZ) Coding
If Tb is pulse duration with pulse
width Tb/2 then bandwidth is 2Rb. PSD
With pulse width Tb bandwidth is
Rb.
Power Efficient.
Clock extraction is easier.

Essential bandwidth requirement

2Rb not bandwidth efficient
-4Rb -2Rb 0 2Rb 4Rb
No error detection-correction
capabilities
At = 0, PSD is present, i.e. no
d.c. null
BEIT, 4th Semester 17
 Power Spectral Density
BIPOLAR (RZ)

1 1 0 0 1 0

BEIT, 4th Semester 18

 Bipolar Coding

R0 = ltN(1/N) [((N/2)(1)2 + ((N/2)(0)) ]

=
R1 = ltN (1/N) [((N/4) (-1)) + ((3N/4)(0))]
= -1/4
R2 = ltN(1/N) [ (N/8)(1) +(N/8)(-1) + (3N/4)(0)]
=0
Remaining terms are zero. Rn = 0 for n > 1

BEIT, 4th Semester 19

 PSD Expression
For half width pulse, PSD of bipolar line coding is,
| P ( ) |2
S y ( ) [ R0 2 Rn cos(nTb )]
Tb n 1

| P ( ) | 1
2
[ 2 R1 cos(Tb ) 0 ...]
Tb 2
| P ( ) |2 | P ( ) |2 2 Tb
[1 cos Tb ] sin ( )
2Tb 2Tb 2
Tb 2 Tb 2 Tb
sin c ( ) sin ( )
4 4 2
BEIT, 4th Semester 20
 Properties of Bipolar (RZ) Coding
D.C. null exists
Lesser bandwidth PSD
Single error
detection possible

Twice as much
power as polar
signal
Not transparent to 0 Rb 2Rb

long 0s and 1s BEIT, 4th Semester 21

 Comparative Study

PSD
P()
Bipolar

Split phase

Polar

Rb 2Rb
f
= 2/Tb

BEIT, 4th Semester 22

 Multilevel Binary
Use more than two levels

BEIT, 4th Semester 23

Bipolar-AMI and Pseudoternary

BEIT, 4th Semester 24

 Bipolar-AMI
zero represented by no line signal
one represented by positive or negative pulse

one pulses alternate in polarity

No loss of sync if a long string of ones (zeros

still a problem)
No net dc component

Lower bandwidth

Easy error detection

BEIT, 4th Semester 25

 Exercise

Draw Manchester, Differential Manchester

line coding, and High Density Bipolar Coding.
Calculate PSD for pseudoternary and on-off
signaling

BEIT, 4th Semester 26

 High Density Bipolar Coding
Used to eliminate nontransparency in bipolar signal
HDBN coding with N = 1,2,3...
Popular choice of N is 3; with 000V and B00V as
special sequences
B=1 conforms to bipolar rule; V=1 violates bipolar rule
Sequence B00V is used when there is an even number
of 1s following the last sequence, and sequence 000V is
used when there is an odd number of 1s following the
last sequence

BEIT, 4th Semester 27

High Density Bipolar Coding

BEIT, 4th Semester 28

 Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
Pulse sent every Tb sec.
Spreading of a pulse beyond Tb will cause
interference with neighboring pulses ISI.
Nyquist Criterion for zero ISI,
= 1 for t = 0
p(t)
= 0 for t = nTb

BEIT, 4th Semester 29

 Pulse satisfying Nyquist Criterion
p(t)

P()

-Rb Rb -3/Rb -2/Rb -1/Rb 0 1/Rb 2/Rb

f
t

1 for t = 0
1
p(t) = sinc(R bt) = P ( ) rect ( )
Rb 2Rb
0 for t = nTb
BEIT, 4th Semester 30
Pulse satisfying Nyquist Criterion

Sinc pulse decays too slowly (as 1/t)

Pulse satisfying Nyquist criteria should
decay faster than 1/t
Such pulse requires bandwidth kRb/2, with
1 k 2

BEIT, 4th Semester 31

 Roll-off factor
P() The b.w. of the spectrum
shown aside is b/2 + x
Tb
Roll-off factor (r) = excess
bandwidth/theoretical
minimum bandwidth
Tb /2
= 2x/ b
0r1

b/2 b

x x Let theoretical minimum

b.w. Rb/2 Hz
Then, BT = (Rb/2) + (rRb/2)
BEIT, 4th Semester 32
 Raised Cosine function:
cos(Rb t )
p( t ) Rb sin c(Rb t ) |P()|
1 4 Rb t
2 2

1
The characteristic is also x = 0
called full-cosine-roll off x = b/4
characteristic. x = b/2
0
Decays as 1/t 3

The time domain representation
p(t)
is (taking inverse Fourier Transform),
1
P ( ) (1 cos )rect ( )
2 2 Rb 4Rb

cos (
2
)rect ( )
4 Rb 4Rb -
-Tb 33 Tb t
BEIT, 4th Semester 2Tb 2Tb
[Ref. B.P.Lathi, Ch. 7]
 Problems
1) A baseband signal of frequency 5kHz.is applied to a
product modulator together with a carrier wave of
1MHz. The modulator output is next applied to a
resonant circuit tuned to 50Hz. Determine the
modulated output signal.

2) For tone modulation with amplitude modulation

index = 1 and 0.5 and baseband signal m(t) =
Bcos(mt) draw the waveforms of amplitude
modulated signals both in time and frequency
domain.

BEIT, 4th Semester 34

BEIT, 4th Semester 35