GROUP I

Daniella Ayrra Maranan

Dianne Aileen Galinato
Yasmine Veronica Garcia
BS Psychology 2 - 1
 OUTLINE
III.Perceptual and Attention Process
A. Perception
B. Pattern Recognition
C. Nature and Theories of Attention
D. Aspect of Attention
E. Automatic Processing
F. Consciousness
IV. Memory
A. Model/Theories of Memory
B. Kinds of Memory
C.Knowledge Representation
D. Memory Strategies /Mnemonics
III. PERCEPTUAL
AND
ATTENTION
PROCESS
Perception
 It is the organization,
identification and
interpretation of sensory
information in order to
represent and understand
environment.
 Pattern
Recogniti
on
 Describes a cognitive
process that matches
information from a
stimulus with information
retrieved from memory.
Theories of Pattern Recognition

Template Matching
Prototype matching
Feature analysis
Recognition by
components
Fourier Analysis
Bottom-up and Top-down
 Template Matching

Template matching is a technique for

finding areas of an image that match (are
similar) to a template image.

We need two primary components:

Source image (I): The image in which we
expect to find a match to the template
image.
Template image (T): The patch image
which will be compared to the template
 Prototype Matching

Method of pattern recognition that

describes the process by which
a sensory unit registers a new stimulus
and compares it to the prototype, or
standard model, of said stimulus.

Note: Prototype matching, unlike

template matching, does not
emphasize a perfect match between the
incoming stimuli and the stored
 Example

A small animal with feathers,

beak, two wings that can fly, is
a prototype concept of a crow,
sparrow, hen, eagle, etc.
 Feature Analysis

We recognize objects by
assembling their "features" to
determine what the object is.
 Recognition by components

Proposed by Irving
Biederman to explain object
recognition. According to RBC
theory, we are able to
recognize objects by
separating them
into geons (the objects main
 Bottom-up and Top-down
processing
A top-down approach (is also known
as step-wise design) is essentially the
breaking down of a system to gain
insight into its compositional sub-
systems.

A bottom-up approach is the piecing

together of systems to give rise to
grander systems, thus making the
original systems sub-systems of the
Examples
Nature and
Theories of
Attention
 Aspect
of
Attention
 Selective attention
This limited capacity for paying attention.
Memory and habituation
The process in which information is
encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding
allows information from the outside world to
reach the five senses in the forms of
chemical and physical stimuli.
A form of learning in which an organism
decreases or ceases to respond to a stimulus
Intensity of attention
May be regarded as a subset of the
broader dimension of arousal; that is to
say, they relate to the continuum of
awareness that extends from sleep (or
even coma) to alert wakefulness.

Sustained attention: vigilance

Sustained attention, or vigilance, as it is
more often called, refers to the state in
which attention must be maintained over
Automatic
Processing
Consciousne
ss
 Awareness of
environmental and cognitive
events such as the sights and
sounds of the world as well
as of ones memories,
thoughts, feelings and bodily
sensations.
 History of Consciousness

Dualism - the notion that the mind and

body are separate.
Materialism - the notion that mind and
body are not separate.
Mentalism - believing that conscious
soul was the basis of all reality.
Physicalism - idea that all conscious
experience can be explained by
neurons or psychologically by
 Explicit and Implicit Memory

Explicit memory refers to conscious

recall of information for e.g. when you
are answering a question on an
examination.

Implicit memory refers to memory

that is measured through a
performance change related to some
previous experience. It is revealed when
previous information facilitates task
IV. MEMORY
 Model or
Theories of
Memory
 Kinds
of Memory
Sensory Memory is a very brief recall of
a sensory experience, such as what we
just saw or heard.

Short-term memory is that brief period

of time where you can recall information
you were just exposed to. Short-Term
often encompasses anywhere from 30
seconds to a few days, depending on who
Long-term memory encompasses
memories that range from a few days
to decades. In order for successful
learning to take place, information has
to move from the sensory or the short-
term memory to the long-term
memory. Our earliest memories often
go back to the age of four or five, if
they were significant in some way.
Knowledg
e
Represent
ation
 Refers to how knowledge
is represented and the
processes that allow us to
access and use this
knowledge.
 Tulving (1972, 1983) identified two
separate and distinct long term memory
systems as:

Episodic Memory - The memory system

that holds information about events in
which you somehow participated.
Semantic Memory - The memory system
that holds information about general
knowledge.
 Two Basic Types Of Knowledge

Declarative Knowledge knowledge

about what such as facts, information
and ideas and can be easily made
explicit, recalled, and described in
words, pictures or symbols.

Procedural Knowledge - represents our

knowledge of how we do things, and
includes our abilities to perform both
motor and cognitive tasks.
 3 Symbolic Representation Of
Declarative Knowledge
Concepts - fundamental units of
thought.

Proposition - assert that knowledge is

representations comprise propositions,
which are the smallest units of
knowledge about which one can make
true or false judgments.
Schemas - the representation of more
complex information is thought to be
achieved through the organization of
ideas according to a general knowledge
structure.

Scripts - Special kinds of schemas that

are thought to represent knowledge
about routine everyday situations, by
organizing everyday information into
 Memory
Strategies or
Mnemonics
THEORY
 Herman Ebbinghaus

His studies primarily dealt

with memories. He said
that forgetfulness is not
loss of memory but a
failure retrieval of it. In his
one study he uses words
as an example. He listed
words and pronounced it.
 Some of it were just
syllables and it were
pronounced as it is, like the
syllables Bol pronounced
as ball, because theres no
existence of the word bol,
but cant apply the same
 Therefore the
pronunciation of the
words, even if its likely to
far from what it should be,
are use because it already
exist and we are used to it.
Thank you
for
listening!